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  Tris(phenylpyrazole)iridium, known as Ir(ppz)3, features a small lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of around 1.6 eV. It has been normally used as an electron-blocking layer (EBL) in organic light-emitting diodes and other organic electronic devices( e.g. organic photovoltaics).
  It has also been reported that Ir(ppz)3 doping can enhance low wavelength optical-absorption capacity, and that doping a small amount of Ir(ppz)3 can also improve the crystallinity of P3HT. Moreover, the large energy barrier between Ir(ppz)3 and the polymer active layer (which can reduce the electron current densities and increase the hole current densities) indicates a more balanced carrier transport based on hole- and electron-only devices. ;

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