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• Preparation

  ① Chitosan reacts with a mixture of formaldehyde and acetic acid to obtain N-dimethyl chitosan, which is then reacted with iodomethane and N-methylpyrrolidone to obtain N-trimethyl chitosan; ② Chitosan reacts directly with dimethyl sulfate and sodium hydroxide to obtain N-trimethyl chitosan; ③ Chitosan reacts with tert-Butyldimethylsilyl ether (TBDMS) chloride in the presence of methanesulfonate to obtain di-tert-Butyldimethylsilyl (Di-TBDMS) chitosan to protect the hydroxyl groups on C-3 and C-6 of chitosan. This is then reacted with iodomethane to obtain Di-TBDMS-protected N-trimethyl chitosan, and finally, the Di-TBDMS groups are removed to obtain N-trimethyl chitosan. Because N-trimethyl chitosan contains quaternary ammonium groups, it has good water solubility under both acidic and alkaline conditions, and its mucosal adhesion properties are superior to those of regular chitosan. Furthermore, the positively charged N-trimethyl chitosan can interact with negatively charged sites on the epithelial membrane, enhancing the permeability of both small and large molecules.;

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