Description
C6 Ceramide-biotin is an affinity probe that allows C2 ceramide (d18:1/2:0) to be detected or immobilized through interaction with the biotin ligand. C6 Ceramide-biotin has been used to detect ceramide binding partners, such as inhibitor 2 of protein phosphatase 2A (I2PP2A),
in vitro and
in situ.
1 C6 ceramide is a cell-permeable analog of naturally occurring ceramides. With a longer carbon chain than C2 ceramide , it is somewhat more hydrophobic and may more closely mimic the effects of natural ceramides.
2 C6 ceramide mediates many diverse biological activities including apoptosis, activation of PP2A, and inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
2,3,4,5 It also enhances the expression of COX-2 in rat granulosa cells and stimulates the growth of bovine aortic smooth muscle cells.
6,7 C6 ceramide acts in neuronal axons to inhibit neurite growth.
8
References
1. Mukhopadhyay, A., Saddoughi, S.A., Song, P., et al. Direct interaction between the inhibitor 2 and ceramide via sphingolipid-protein binding is involved in the regulation of protein phosphatase 2A activity and signaling FASEB J. 23(3),751-763(2009).
2. Dobrowsky, R.T., and Hannun, Y.A. Ceramide stimulates a cytosolic protein phosphatase J. Biol. Chem. 267(8),5048-5051(1992).
3. Cai, Z., Bettaieb, A., El Mahdani, N., et al. Alteration of the sphingomyelin/ceramide pathway is associated with resistance of human breast carcinoma MCF7 cells to tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated cytotoxicity J. Biol. Chem. 272(11),6918-6926(1997).
4. Dobrowsky, R.T., Kamibayashi, C., Mumby, M.C., et al. Ceramide activates heterotrimeric protein phosphatase 2A J. Biol. Chem. 268(21),15523-15530(1993).
5. Gudz, T.I., Tserng, K.Y., and Hoppel, C.L. Direct inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III by cell-permeable ceramide J. Biol. Chem. 272(39),24154-24158(1997).
6. Santana, P., Llanes, L., Hernandez, I., et al. Interleukin-1β stimulates sphingomyelin hydrolysis in cultured granulosa cells: Evidence for a regulatory role of ceramide on progesterone and prostaglandin biosynthesis Endocrinology 137(6),2480-2489(1996).
7. Augé, N., Andrieu, N., Nègre-Salvayre, A., et al. The sphingomyelin-ceramide signaling pathway is involved in oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced cell proliferation J. Biol. Chem. 271(32),19251-19255(1996).
8. Posse de Chaves, E.I., Bussière, M., Vance, D.E., et al. Elevation of ceramide within distal neurites inhibits neurite growth in cultured rat sympathetic neurons J. Biol. Chem. 272(4),2038-3035(1997).
