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• Description

  Proctolin was the first bioactive peptide to be isolated from insect tissues and structurally characterized. Proctolin shows various activities, including a myotropic action, regulation of JH synthesis, and behavioral influences.;

• Discovery

  Proctolin was first identified in 1975 from the whole body of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana, based upon its ability to stimulate hindgut contractions.;

• Synthesis

  The gene encoding a proctolin precursor protein was first identified in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The predicted protein encoded by Proct has a single copy of the Arg-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Thr sequence that directly follows the predicted signal peptidase cleavage point flanked by a potential peptide cleaving site, and similar precursor structures are conserved in other insects and in noninsect arthropods. The proctolin gene has been found in a various arthropods except for Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, and the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypt.Proctolin is thought to be synthesized and packaged into dense core vesicles in the cell body of neurons and then transported down the axon to the synaptic terminals.In arthropods, proctolin acts as a cotransmitter as well as a neurohormone.;

• Biological functions

  Proctolin displays potent myotropic activity in the visceral, cardiac, and skeletal muscle from a range of insect species. In addition, proctolin may act as a releasing factor for adipokinetic hormone (AKH) and juvenile hormone (JH) in the locust.However, it does not regulate JH release in the cockroach. Moreover, proctolin plays a modulatory role in a neuronal circuit controlling sexual behavior in the bow-winged grasshopper Chorthippus biguttulus.;

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