ペニシリン

外観

白色～ほとんど白色, 結晶性粉末～粉末

溶解性

水に溶ける。

解説

ペニシリン，世界で最初に発見された抗生物質。1929年A.フレミングがアオカビの一種の培養液中に，グラム陽性菌の発育を阻止する物質を発見し，ペニシリンと命名。1940年E.チェーン，H.フローリーらが臨床的に有効なことを報告（〈ペニシリンの再発見〉。これにより1945年３人はノーベル生理医学賞）。以来，種々の感染症の治療に常用されている。
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用途

ペニシリン系抗生物質です。 ペニシリン結合タンパクに結合し、細胞壁の 合成阻害を示します。

用途

ペニシリン系抗生物質です。 ペニシリン結合タンパク質に結合し、細胞壁 の合成阻害作用を示します。抗菌スペクトル は狭いが、グラム陰性菌・グラム陽性菌に対 して抗菌力を示します。

効能

抗生物質, 細胞壁合成阻害薬

化学的特性

White powder

来歴

Penicillin was discovered by chance in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. He observed that the growth of a bacteria culture was inhibited by a fungus Penicillum notatum. He published his results but did not pursue its industrial development actively. Ten years later, H. Florey and coworkers had produced enough purified penicillin to treat just one patient. This test, however, was sufficient to prove that it was a viable drug. From then on many people and companies participated in the development of new fermentation technologies, new microorganisms, new downstream processing, and so on to make a large-scale production possible. Penicillin did not only change the medical world, but also the fermentation technology. The naturally growing (wild type) Penicillum notatum produced penicillin with a yield of 10 mg/L. Therefore, the first task was the search for a more productive species. Eventually, Penicillium chrysogenum was identified as the most productive species. To enhance penicillin production further, the old method of growing Penicillum mold on the surface of the medium in liter-sized flasks was replaced by fermentation in large aerated tanks. This allowed the mold to grow throughout the entire tank and not just on the surface of the medium. Today, penicillin and other antibiotics are produced in large-scale fermenters holding several hundred cubic meters of medium and the yield has increased 5000 fold to 50 g/L.

使用

Penicillin G sodium salt is used as a β-lactam antibiotic. Penicillin G can be used as a selective agent in several types of isolation media. It has been used to study the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis sequence type 6 with reduced penicillin susceptibility and in cell culture both alone and combined with streptomycin and other antibiotics.

定義

penicillin: An antibiotic derivedfrom the mould Penicillium notatum;specifically it is known as penicillin Gand belongs to a class of similar substancescalled penicillins. They producetheir effects by disruptingsynthesis of the bacterial cell wall,and are used to treat a variety of infectionscaused by bacteria.

世界保健機関（WHO）

Penicillin is listed separately in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs.

一般的な説明

White to slightly yellow crystalline powder with a faint odor. pH (10% solution) 5.5-7.5.

空気と水の反応

Water soluble.

反応プロフィール

Penicillin G sodium salt is hygroscopic. Penicillin G sodium salt is incompatible with acids, oxidizing agents (especially in the presence of trace metals), heavy metal ions such as copper, lead, zinc and mercury; glycerol, sympathomimetic amines, thiomersal, wood alcohols, cetostearyl alcohol, hard paraffins, macrogols, cocoa butter and many ionic an nonionic surface-active agents. Penicillin G sodium salt is also incompatible with alkalis, compounds leached from vulcanized rubber, hydrochlorides of tetracyclines and organic peroxides. Other incompatibilities include reducing agents, alcohols, other hydroxy compounds, self-emulsifying stearyl alcohol, emulsifying wax, lanolin, crude cholinesterated bases, glycol, sugars, amines, aminacrine hydrochloride, ephedrine, procaine, rubber tubing, thiamine hydrochloride, zinc oxide, oxidized cellulose, iodine, iodides, thiols, chlorocresol and resorcinol. Penicillin G sodium salt may also be incompatible with naphthalene oils and vitamin B.

火災危険

Flash point data for Penicillin G sodium salt are not available; however, Penicillin G sodium salt is probably combustible.

安全性プロファイル

Poison by intracerebral,parenteral, and intramuscular routes. Moderately toxic viaintravenous route. Mildly toxic by ingestion. Experimentalteratogenic and reproductive effects. Questionablecarcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Whenheated to

純化方法

Purify the salt by dissolving it in a small volume of MeOH (in which it is more soluble than EtOH) and treating gradually with ~5 volumes of EtOAc. This gives an almost colourless crystalline solid (rosettes of clear-cut needles) and recrystallising twice more if slightly yellow in colour. The salt has also been conveniently recrystallised from the minimum volume of 90% Me2CO and adding an excess of absolute Me2CO. A similar procedure can be used with wet n-BuOH. If yellow in colour, then dissolve (~3.8g) in the minimum volume of H2O (3mL), add n-BuOH and filter through a bed of charcoal. The salt forms long white needles on standing in a refrigerator overnight. More crystals can be obtained on concentrating the mother liquors in vacuo at 40o. A further recrystallisation (without charcoal) yields practically pure salt. A good preparation has ~600 Units/mg. The presence of H2O in the solvents increases the solubility considerably. The solubility in mg/100mL at 0o is 6.0 (Me2CO), 15.0 (Me2CO/0.5% H2O), 31.0 (Me2CO/1.0% H2O), 2.4 (methyl ethyl ketone), 81.0 (n-butanol) and 15.0 (dioxane at 14o). Alternatively it is dissolved in H2O (solubility is ~10%), filtered if necessary and precipitated by addition of EtOH and dried in a vacuum over P2O5. A sample can be kept for 24hours at 100o without loss of physiological activity. It also crystallises from MeOH/EtOAc. [IR: Barnes et al. Anal Chem 19 620 1947, The Chemistry of Penicillin (Clarke, Johnson and Robinson eds.) Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, Chapter V 85 1949, Beilstein 27 III/IV 5861.]