澱粉

外観

白色〜わずかにうすい褐色, 結晶性粉末〜粉末

定義

本品は、コムギ Triticum vulgare の胚乳から得られるデンプンである。[Triticum sativum][Triticum aestivum]

溶解性

水又はエタノール(99.5)にほとんど溶けない。

存在

多糖類の一。植物の葉緑体で光合成によって作られ、根・茎・種子・果実などに蓄えられる。無味無臭の白色粉末。でんぷん粒はアミロースとアミロペクチンとで構成される。動物の重要な熱量源で、消化によりグルコースに分解され吸収される。「澱粉のり」
小学館 デジタル大辞泉について　情報 | 凡例

解説

(Zetmeel の訳語) 代表的な多糖類の一つ。植物の葉で光合成によって生成され、種子・根・地下茎などの貯蔵部に多量に蓄積される。アミロペクチンとアミロースの二成分から構成されるＤ‐グルコースの重合体で、無味・無臭の白色粉末。分子量数万～数十万の高分子物質で吸湿性があり、水と暖めると粘性の高い半透明の糊(のり)となる。高等動物の栄養素として食品となるほか、糊料、接着剤、発酵工業原料、医薬品などに広く用いられる。〔植学啓原（1833）〕

[語誌]江戸時代の蘭学において用いられた語。幕末の「英和対訳袖珍辞書」（一八六二）や「附音挿図英和字彙（初版）」（一八七三）には見えないが、「薬品名彙」（一八七三）などの学術用語集には出ており、「附音挿図英和字彙」にも第二版（一八八二）では収録されている。明治一〇年代頃に一般化したか。

化粧品の成分用途

結合剤、皮膚保護剤、親水性増粘剤、吸着剤、研磨.スクラブ剤、増量剤

主な用途／役割

工業的に用いられているでんぷんの原料は、トウモロコシが主で、馬鈴薯、小麦、甘藷、米も使用されている。紙加工用接着剤、紙の表面サイズ剤原料、ユリア樹脂系接着剤などの増粘剤として使用される。

化学的特性

Starch occurs as an odorless and tasteless, fine, white to off-white powder. It consists of very small spherical or ovoid granules or grains whose size and shape are characteristic for each botanical variety.

使用

corn starch is used as a thickener in cosmetics and in face powders. Corn starch absorbs water and is soothing to the skin. It can cause allergic reactions such as inflamed eyes, stuffy nose, and perennial hay fever. A natural material obtained from corn kernels.

調製方法

Starch is extracted from plant sources with specific processes according to the botanical origin. Typical production steps are steeping (corn), wet milling (corn, potato), dry milling (wheat), or sieving and physical separation with hydrocyclones. The last production step is usually a centrifugal separation from the starch slurry followed by drying with hot air. The starch separation process may use sulfur dioxide or peroxides as a processing aid, improving the separation process and the microbial quality of the final product.

定義

A polysaccharide that occurs exclusively in plants. Starches are extracted commercially from maize, wheat, barley, rice, potatoes, and sorghum. The starches are storage reservoirs for plants; they can be broken down by enzymes to simple sugars and then metabolized to supply energy needs. Starch is a dietary component of animals.
Starch is not a single molecule but a mixture of amylose (water-soluble, blue color with iodine) and amylopectin (not water-soluble, violet color with iodine). The composition is amylose 10–20%, amylopectin 80–90%.

一般的な説明

Fine, white, odorless powder. Note that granules from different vegetable sources vary in shape, size, and general appearance. A mixture of the carbohydrate polymers amylose amylopectin varying according to the vegetable source. Principally used for food.

反応プロフィール

Starch is combustible. Presents a dust explosion hazard if dispersed as a fine dust in air in sufficient concentrations. Granules swell greatly in water and produce a colloidal suspension. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acids, iodine, bases. Reacts with nitric acid/sulfuric acid mixtures to give nitroStarch, an explosive.

危険性

Dermatitis. Questionable carcinogen.

安全性プロファイル

A nuisance dust. Mildly toxic by intraperitoneal route. A skin irritant. An allergen. Flammable when exposed to flame; can react with oxidizing materials. Moderately explosive when exposed to flame.

安全性

Starch is an edible food substance, considered a food ingredient and not a food additive. It is regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material. Starch is therefore widely used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.
Both amylose and amylopectin have been evaluated as safe and without limitation for daily intake. Allergic reactions to starch are extremely rare and individuals apparently allergic to one particular starch may not experience adverse effects with a starch from a different botanical source. The wheat proteins (gluten) are problematic for conditions such as celiac disease.
Contamination of surgical wounds with the starch glove powder used by surgeons has resulted in the development of granulomatous lesions.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 6.6 g/kg

貯蔵

Dry starch is stable if protected from high humidity. Starch is considered to be chemically and microbiologically inert under normal storage conditions. Starch solutions or pastes are physically unstable and are readily metabolized by microorganisms; they should therefore be freshly prepared when used for wet granulation.
Starch should be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.

不和合性

Starch is incompatible with strongly oxidizing substances. Colored inclusion compounds are formed with iodine.

規制状況(Regulatory Status)

GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (buccal tablets, oral capsules, powders, suspensions and tablets; topical preparations; and vaginal tablets). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.