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外観
無色澄明の液体
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定義
本品は、次の化学式で表される有機酸である。
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溶解性
水及びエタノールに極めて溶けやすい。
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解説
CH2O2(46.03)．HCOOH．メタン酸ともいう．アリの蒸留ではじめて見いだされ，この名称がつけられた．少量ではあるが広く植物界(イラクサ，松葉，果実など)に分布する．天然にはアリのほかにイラクサなどの植物にも含まれていて、イラクサに触れると皮膚がひりひりするのはギ酸によるといわれている。分子内にカルボキシ基（カルボキシル基）とアルデヒド基の両方をもつので、酸性と還元性を持ち合わせている。酸性は酢酸よりはるかに強い。無色の刺激臭の液体．融点8.4 ℃，沸点100.8 ℃．d2041.220．n20D1.371．pKa 3.77．水との共沸混合物(沸点107.2 ℃)はギ酸77.4％ である．引火点68.9 ℃(開放式)．水，エタノール，エーテル，グリセリンなどに可溶．高濃度のギ酸は皮膚を腐食する．カルボン酸であると同時に，カルボキシル基に直接水素が結合しているため，アルデヒド的性質をもち還元性を示す．アンモニア性硝酸銀を銀に還元し，また過マンガン酸カリウムで容易に酸化される．合成原料，染色，ゴム工業などに用途がある．LD50 1100 mg/kg(ラット，経口)．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
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用途
無機及び有機化合物溶剤
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用途
Edman法によるアミノ酸配列分析用試薬。
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用途
悪臭物質の分析における試料又は標準物質の脱着、空試験用。
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用途
分析試薬、溶剤、有機合成原料等。脱灰剤としての用途もある。
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製造法
工業的には，加圧·加熱下で水酸化ナトリウムに一酸化炭素を反応させ，生じるギ酸ナトリウムを硫酸で処理して蒸留するか，メタノールまたはホルムアルデヒドを酸化すると得られる．
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用途
HPLC用溶離液の調製、試料の前処理剤。
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用途
有機合成原料、溶剤等。
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用途
染色助剤、皮なめし剤、医薬中間体原料、溶剤。中間物、洗剤等、繊維用添加剤、紙用添加剤、その他添加剤、電池、蓄電池、触媒。医薬·食品添加物などの中間体原料
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化粧品の成分用途
pH調整剤、防腐剤、香料
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主な用途／役割
ユリア樹脂系接着剤、メラミン樹脂系接着剤、フェノール樹脂系接着剤の触媒として使用される。
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使用上の注意
高濃度のため容器の内圧が高くなるので、時々開栓して圧を抜くこと。
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説明
Formic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor.
Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named
after the Latin formica, meaning ant. It is made by the action of
sulfuric acid on sodium formate, which is produced from
carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide. It is also produced as
a by-product in the manufacture of other chemicals such as
acetic acid.
It can be anticipated that use of formic acid will continuously
increase as it replaces inorganic acids and has a potential
role in new energy technology. Formic acid toxicity is of
a special interest as the acid is the toxic metabolite of methanol.
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化学的特性
Formic acid, or methanoic acid, is the first member of the homologous series identified as fatty acids with the general formula RCOOH. Formic acid was obtained first from the red ant; itscommon name is derived from the family name for ants, Formicidae. This substance also occurs naturally in bees and wasps, and is presumed to be responsible for the "sting" of these insects. Formic acid has a pungent, penetrating odor. It may be synthesized from anhydrous sodium formate and concentrated H2S04 at low temperature followed by distillation.
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物理的性質
Clear, colorless, fuming liquid with a pungent, penetrating odor. Odor threshold concentration is 49 ppm (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983). it is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, and glycerin, and is obtained by chemical synthesis or oxidation of methanol or formaldehyde.
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天然物の起源
Widespread in a large variety of plants; reported identifed in Cistus labdanum and the oil of Artemisia trans- iliensis; also found among the constituents of petit grain lemon and bitter orange essential oil; reported found in strawberry aroma Reported found in apple, sweet cherry, papaya, pear, raspberry, strawberry, peas, cheeses, breads, yogurt, milk, cream, buttermilk, raw fsh, cognac, rum, whiskey, cider, white wine, tea, coffee and roasted chicory root
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来歴
Formic acid is taken from the Latin word forant, formica. Naturalists had observed
the acrid vapor from ant hills for hundreds of years. One of the earliest descriptions of formic
acid was reported in an extract of a letter written from John Wray (1627–1705) to the publisher
of Philosophical Transactions published in 1670. Wray’s letter reported on “uncommon
Observations and Experiments made with an Acid Juyce to be Found in Ants” and noted the
acid was previously obtained by Samuel Fisher from the dry distillation of wood ants. Formic
acid is found in stinging insects, plants, unripe fruit, foods, and muscle tissue. J?ns Jacob
Berzelius (1779–1848) characterized formic acid in the early 19th century, and it wasfirst synthesized
from hydrocyanic acid by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) at about the same
time. A number of synthetic preparations of formic acid were found in the first half of the
19th century. Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907) discovered a popular synthesis using oxalic
acid and glycerin in 1856; he and several other chemists from his period found syntheses of
formic acid by heating carbon monoxide in alkaline solutions.
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定義
ChEBI: Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, a protic solvent, a metabolite, a solvent and an astringent. It is a conjugate acid of a formate.
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調製方法
Formic acid is manufactured as a by-product of the liquidphase
oxidation of hydrocarbons to acetic acid. It is
also produced by (a) treating sodium formate and
sodium acid formate with sulfuric acid at low temperatures
followed by distillation or (b) direct synthesis
from water and CO2 under pressure and in the presence of
catalysts.
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反応性
Formic acid solution reacts as follows: (1) with hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, to form formates, e.g., sodium formate, calcium formate, and with alcohols to form esters; (2) with silver of ammonio-silver nitrate to form metallic silver; (3) with ferric formate solution, upon heating, to form red precipitate of basic ferric formate; (4) with mercuric chloride solution to form mercurous chloride, white precipitate; and (5) with permanganate (in the presence of dilute H2SO4) to form CO2 and manganous salt solution. Formic acid causes painful wounds when it comes in contact with the skin. At 160 °C, formic acid yields CO2 plus H2. When sodium formate is heated in vacuum at 300 °C, H2 and sodium oxalate are formed. With concentrated H2SO4 heated, sodium formate, or other formate, or formic acid, yields carbon monoxide gas plus water. Sodium formate is made by heating NaOH and carbon monoxide under pressure at 210 °C.
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一般的な説明
Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Crystal structure study by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique at -50°C has shown that it has an orthorhombic structure with space group Pna. The photodegradation of formic acid has been investigated using ab intio calculations and time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Its utility as a fuel in direct fuel cells has been studied. The momentum distribution for its monomer have been evaluated by electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS).
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空気と水の反応
Fumes in air. Soluble in water with release of heat.
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反応プロフィール
Formic acid reacts exothmerically with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Reacts with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Reacts with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Reacts with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides to generate flammable or toxic gases. Reacts with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to generate carbon dioxide but still heat. Can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. May initiate polymerization reactions or catalyze other chemical reactions. A mixture with furfuryl alcohol exploded [Chem. Eng. News 18:72(1940)].
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危険性
Corrosive to skin and tissue.
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火災危険
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic vapor generated in fires
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安全性プロファイル
Poison by inhalation,
intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes.
Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mutation data
reported. Corrosive. A skin and severe eye
irritant. A substance migrating to food from packaging materials. Combustible liquid
when exposed to heat or flame; can react
vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Explosive reaction with furfuryl alcohol,
H202, T1(NO3)3*3H2O nitromethane, P2O5.
To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, alcohol
foam. When heated to decomposition it
emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
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職業ばく露
Formic acid is a strong reducing agent
and is used as a decalcifier. It is used in pharmaceuticals;
in dyeing textiles and finishing color-fast wool; electroplat ing, coagulating latex rubber; regeneration old rubber, and
dehairing, plumping, and tanning leather. It is also used in
the manufacture of acetic acid, airplane dope; allyl alcohol;
cellulose formate; phenolic resins; and oxalate; and it is
used in the laundry, textile, insecticide, refrigeration, and
paper industries; as well as in drug manufacture.
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輸送方法
UN1779 Formic acid, with>85% acid by mass,
Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8-Corrosive material, 3-Flammable
liquid
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純化方法
Anhydrous formic acid can be obtained by direct fractional distillation under reduced pressure, the receiver being cooled in ice-water. The use of P2O5 or CaCl2 as dehydrating agents is unsatisfactory. Reagent grade 88% formic acid can be satisfactorily dried by refluxing with phthalic anhydride for 6hours and then distilling it. Alternatively, if it is left in contact with freshly prepared anhydrous CuSO4 for several days about one half of the water is removed from 88% formic acid; distillation then removes the remainder. Boric anhydride (prepared by melting boric acid in an oven at a high temperature, cooling in a desiccator, and powdering) is a suitable dehydrating agent for 98% formic acid; after prolonged stirring with the anhydride the formic acid is distilled under vacuum. Formic acid can be further purified by fractional crystallisation using partial freezing. [Beilstein 2 IV 3.]
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不和合性
Vapors may form explosive mixture with
air. A medium strong acid and a strong reducing agent.
Violent reaction with oxidizers, furfuryl alcohol; hydrogen
peroxide; nitromethane. Incompatible with strong acids;
bases, ammonia, aliphatic amines; alkanolamines, isocya nates, alkylene oxides; epichlorohydrin. Decomposes on
heating and on contact with strong acids forming carbon
monoxide. Carbamates are incompatible with strong acids
and bases, and especially incompatible with strong reducing
agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Contact with
active metals or nitrides form flammable gaseous hydrogen.
Incompatible with strongly oxidizing acids, peroxides, and
hydroperoxides. Attacks metals: aluminum, cast iron and
steel; many plastics, rubber and coatings.
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廃棄物の処理
Incineration with added
solvent. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies
for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators
of waste containing this contaminant (≥ kg/mo) must
conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transpor tation, treatment, and waste disposal.
