SOLVENT

Определение

A liquid capable of dissolving other materials (solids, liquids, or gases) to form a solution. The solvent is generally the major component of the solution. Solvents can be divided into classes, the most important being:
Polar. A solvent in which the molecules possess a moderate to high dipole moment and in which polar and ionic compounds are easily soluble. Polar solvents are usually poor solvents for non-polar compounds. For example, water is a good solvent for many ionic species, such as sodium chloride or potassium nitrate, and polar molecules, such as the sugars, but does not dissolve paraffin wax.
Non-polar. A solvent in which the molecules do not possess a permanent dipole moment and consequently will solvate non-polar species in preference to polar species. For example, benzene and tetrachloromethane are good solvents for iodine and paraffin wax, but do not dissolve sodium chloride.
Amphiprotic. A solvent which undergoes self-ionization and can act both as a proton donator and as an acceptor. Water is a good example and ionizes according to:
2H₂O = H3O⁺ + OH^–
Aprotic. A solvent which can neither accept nor yield protons. An aprotic solvent is therefore the opposite to an amphiprotic solvent.