Naled

Описание

Sensitization to Naled seems to be rare.

Химические свойства

Naled is a white crystalline solid (when pure) or light straw-colored liquid (above 26.7℃) with a slightly pungent insecticide odor.

Физические свойства

Colorless to pale yellow liquid or solid with a pungent odor

Использование

Naled is used to control mites, sucking pests and some other insects in a wide variety of crops. It is also used for the control of public and animal health pests including mosquitoes.

Определение

ChEBI: An dialkyl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of the acidic hydroxy group of dimethyl hydrogen phosphate with the alcoholic hydroxy group of 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethanol. An organophosphate insecticide, it is no longer approved for use wit in the European Union.

Общее описание

DIBROM is a white solid that may be dissolved in a liquid organic carrier with a pungent odor. DIBROM is a water emulsifiable liquid. DIBROM is insoluble in water and sinks in water. DIBROM can cause illness by inhalation, skin absorption and/or ingestion. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. If DIBROM is in liquid form, DIBROM can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams. DIBROM is used as a pesticide.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Practically insoluble in water [Farm Chemicals Handbook]. Hydrolyzed slowly in presence of water.

Профиль реактивности

DIBROM is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers, acids, sunlight, water [Note: Corrosive to metals. Hydrolyzed in presence of water.] . Unstable in presence of Iron [USCG, 1999]. Organophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Опасность

Technical compound is a moderately volatile liquid. Bp 110C (0.5 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in aliphatic solvents; very soluble in aromatic solvents; hydrolyzes in water.

Угроза здоровью

INHALATION OR INGESTION: Symptoms secondary to cholinesterase inhibition are: headache, giddiness, nervousness, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, cramps, diarrhea, chest discomfort, sweating, miosis, tearing, salivation, and other excessive respiratory tract secretion, vomiting, cyanosis, muscle twitching, and convulsions. EYES: Irritating. SKIN: Irritating-can cause dermatitis.

Пожароопасность

May be combustible. (NOAA, 2007)

Сельскохозяйственное использование

Insecticide, Fungicide, Bactericide, Acaricide: Naled is a fast-acting, nonsystemic contact and stomach insecticide used to control aphids, mites, mosquitoes,and flies on crops and in greenhouses, mushroom houses, animal and poultry houses, kennels, food-processing plants, and aquaria and in outdoor mosquito control. Liquid formulations can be applied to greenhouse heating pipes to kill insects by vapor action. It has been used by veterinarians to kill parasitic worms (other than tapeworms) in dogs. Naled may no longer be used in and around the home by residents or professional applicators. Naled is available in dust, emulsion concentrate, liquid, and ULV formulations. Also used in cooling towers, veterinary medicine, pulp and paper mill systems, hospitals, swimming pools, and bathrooms. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP). Not approved for use in EU countries. Registered for use in the U.S.

Торговое название

AI3-24988®; ARTHODIBROM®; BROMCHLOPHOS®; BROMEX®; DIBROM®; FLYKILLER®; LUCANAL®; HIBROM®; ORTHO® 4355; ORTHODIBROM®; ORTHODIBROMO®; PROKIL® Naled; TRUMPET®

Контактные аллергены

Naled is an organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and acaricide. Sensitization seems to be very rare.

Возможный контакт

A potential danger to those involved in the manufacture, formulation, and application of this insecticide, fungicide, bactericide, acaricide. Also used in cooling towers, veterinary medicine, pulp and paper mill systems; hospitals, swimming pools; and bathrooms.

Канцерогенность

When dogs were given 0.2, 2.0, or 20 mg/kg/day naled by gavage for 1 year, cholinergic signs (soft stools/diarrhea, salivation, and emesis), increases in mineralization of spinal cord, and mild testicular degeneration in males occurred at 2 and 20 mg/kg/day dose levels . Erythrocyte and brain cholinesterase activities were depressed at the same dose levels. Anemia also occurred at 2 and 20 mg/kg/day, and erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were reduced. At 20 mg/kg/ day dose level, liver and kidney weights increased but these were not accompanied by histopathological changes. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity.

Экологическая судьба

Chemical/Physical. Completely hydrolyzed in water within 2 days (Windholz et al., 1983). In the presence of metals or reducing agents, naled loses bromine, forming dichlorvos (Hartley and Kidd, 1987)
Naled emits toxic fumes of bromines, chlorides and phosphorus oxides when heated to decomposition (Lewis, 1990).

Метаболический путь

Naled is produced by the photochemical bromination of the dichlorovinyl moiety of dichlorvos. The main route of naled metabolism and transformation in the environment is through debromination to dichlorvos which is probably the active cholinesterase inhibitor in vivo. Naled is also rapidly hydrolysed to bromodichloroacetaldehyde in aqueous environments: consequently much of its detoxification is likely to be via a nonenzymatic hydrolytic route.

Перевозки

UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required. UN2783 Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN3018 Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.

Несовместимости

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Hydrolyzed in presence of water. Degraded by sunlight. Decomposes when heated; on contact with acids, acid fumes; bases, producing fumes of hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, phosphorous oxides. Reacts with acids, strong oxidizers in sunlight. Slowly reacts with water; hydrolysis is; corrosive to metals. Attacks some plastics, rubber and coatings.

Утилизация отходов

This pesticide is more stable to hydrolysis than dichlorvos (50% hydrolysis at pH 9 @ 37.5℃ in 301 minutes). It is unstable in alkaline conditions, in presence of iron; and is degraded by sunlight. About 10% hydrolysis per day is obtained in ambient water. Incineration is recommended for large amounts. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office.