Зарин.

Описание

Sarin, also known as "nerve agent Gas B" or GB, is an organophosphorus compound, a colourless and odourless liquid, and a potent inhibitor of the cholinesterase enzyme. Sarin reacts with steam or water to produce toxic and corrosive gases. Sarin is incompatible with tin, magnesium, cadmium-plated steel, and some aluminium and reacts with copper, brass, and lead. Sarin is the most volatile of the nerve agents, which means that it can easily and quickly evaporate from a liquid into a vapour and spread into the environment. People can be exposed to the vapour even if they do not come in contact with the liquid form of sarin.

Химические свойства

Sarin (GB), a nerve agent, is one of the most toxic of the known chemical warfare agents. Exposure to sarin can cause death in minutes. A fraction of an ounce (1 to 10 mL) of GB on the skin can be fatal. GB is an odorless, colorless, tasteless, nonflammable liquid @ 15 ℃ and 1 atm. GB has no warning properties, especially when pure, and it can take away your sense of smell.

Использование

Chemical warfare agent.

Общее описание

A colorless, odorless liquid. Almost no odor in pure state. Used as a quick-acting military chemical nerve agent. Chemical warfare agent.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Hydrolyzed by water, rapidly hydrolyzed by dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide. Water alone removes Fluoride atom producing nontoxic acid [Merck 11th ed. 1989].

Профиль реактивности

Acidic conditions produce hydrogen fluoride; alkaline conditions produce isopropyl alcohol and polymers. When heated to decomposition or reacted with steam, Sarin. emits very toxic fumes of fluorides and oxides of phosphorus. Slightly corrosive to steel. Hydrolyzed by water [EPA, 1998].

Угроза здоровью

Extremely toxic; lethal dose in humans may be as low as 0.01 mg/kg. Extremely active cholinesterase inhibitor. Toxic effects similar to, but more severe than those of parathion. Death within 15 minutes after fatal dose is absorbed.

Пожароопасность

Non-flammable. Acidic conditions produce hydrogen fluoride; alkaline conditions produce isopropyl alcohol and polymers. When heated to decomposition or reacted with steam, Sarin. emits very toxic fumes of fluorides and oxides of phosphorus. Slightly corrosive to steel. Hydrolyzed by water.

Возможный контакт

GB is used as a quick-acting chemical warfare nerve agent; nerve gas. Both the liquid and the vapor can kill you. Very small amounts can hurt you in one minute or less, and can quickly lead to death. A single drop, if vaporized, can kill everyone in a room ! Sarin is 26 times more deadly than cyanide gas and 20 times more deadly than Potassium cyanide.

Перевозки

UN2810 Toxic liquids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poison Inhalation Hazard, Technical Name Required. Driver shall be given full and complete information regarding shipment and conditions in case of emergency. AR 50-6 deals specifically with the shipment of chemical agents. Shipments of agent will be escorted in accordance with AR 740-32. Passenger aircraft/rail: FORBIDDEN; Cargo aircraft only: FORBIDDEN. The packaging and shipping of samples are subject to strict regulations established by the Department of Transportation (DOT), Center for Disease Control, United States Postal Service, OSHA, and International Air Transport Association). Military driver shall be given full and complete information regarding shipment and condi- tions in case of emergency. AR 50-6 deals specifically with the shipment of chemical agents. Shipments of agent will be escorted in accordance with AR 740-32.

Несовместимости

Attacks tin, magnesium, cadmium plated steel; and some aluminums. GB decomposes tin, magne- sium, cadmium-plated steel, and aluminum. Slightly corro- sive to brass, copper, and lead. No attack on 1020 steel, Inconel, and K-Monel. Hydrolyzed by water. In acid condi- tions, GB hydrolyzes, forming hydrofluoric acid (HF). Rapidly hydrolyzed by dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or sodium carbonate, forming relatively nontoxic products of polymers and isopropyl alcohol. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.

Утилизация отходов

It is dissolved in a combustible solvent and burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Sarin may also be destroyed by the Shultz process of molten metal reduction (Shultz 1987). Molten aluminum, aluminum alloys, recovered scrap metal, or eutectic melts may be used at 780－1000°C (1436-1832°F). Sarin is reduced to phosphorus, alkenes, and hydrogen. The hydrocarbon products may be used in preheating the feed.
Worley (1989) reported decomposition of sarin,soman,VX,andother chemicalwarfare agentsbyoxidizingwith1,3-dibromo-4,4,5,5tetramethyl-2-imidazolidinoneorotherN,N0dihalo-2-imidazolidinone. The reaction is carriedoutinanaqueousemulsioncontaining tetrachloroethylene or a similar organic solvent.
Sarin and other nerve agents may be removed from cleaning organic solvents (trichlorotrifluoroethane and its mixtures) by such adsorbents as Fuller’s earth, activated alumina, silica gel, and silica gel impregnated with a metal salt (Fowler and McIlvaine 1989). Hydrolysis with water or dilute alkaliesshould yieldproductsof low toxicity. .