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SAXITOXIN
- русский язык имя
- английское имяSAXITOXIN
- CAS №35523-89-8
- CBNumberCB5241547
- ФормулаC10H17N7O4
- мольный вес299.29
- номер MDLMFCD05662361
- файл Mol35523-89-8.mol
Температура кипения | 440.62°C (rough estimate) |
плотность | 1.3010 (rough estimate) |
показатель преломления | 1.6400 (estimate) |
температура хранения | −20°C |
пка | 13.32±0.50(Predicted) |
оптическая активность | +13320 (H2O) |
FDA UNII | Q0638E899B |
Система регистрации веществ EPA | Saxitoxin (35523-89-8) |
Коды опасности | T+ |
Заявления о рисках | 26/27/28 |
Заявления о безопасности | 36/37/39-45 |
РИДАДР | UN 3462 6.1/PG 1 |
WGK Германия | 3 |
Токсичность | During seasons when dinoflagellates “bloom,” filter-feeding shellfish become contaminated with accumulated toxin and are toxic when eaten. STX blocks nerve membrane sodium channels in nanomolar concentrations when applied externally. STX competes with tetrodotoxin (TTX) for binding to sodium channels. The mechanism of action on nerves is the same as that of TTX, although recovery from STX block occurs slightly faster than that after TTX block. The i.p. LD50 in mice is 10 μg/kg. Symptoms in humans within 30 min of ingestion include tingling and burning in face, lips, tongue, and eventually the whole body, parathesia followed by numbness, ataxia, general motor incoordination, confusion, and headache. Death due to respiratory paralysis occurs within 12 h. Treatment is restricted to symptoms. There is no antidote, and emesis is advisable. Artificial respiration is given if neces_x0002_sary. Prostigmine methylsulfate (1 mL of 1:2000 solution, i.v.) is helpful. |
рисовальное письмо(GHS)
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рисовальное письмо(GHS)
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сигнальный язык
опасность
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вредная бумага
H330:Смертельно при вдыхании.
H310:Смертельно при попадании на кожу.
H300:Смертельно при проглатывании.
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оператор предупредительных мер
P260:Не вдыхать газ/ пары/ пыль/ аэрозоли/ дым/ туман.
P262:Избегать попадания в глаза, на кожу или одежду.
P264:После работы тщательно вымыть кожу.
P270:При использовании продукции не курить, не пить, не принимать пищу.
P271:Использовать только на открытом воздухе или в хорошо вентилируемом помещении.
P280:Использовать перчатки/ средства защиты глаз/ лица.
P284:Использовать средства защиты органовдыхания.
P301+P310:ПРИ ПРОГЛАТЫВАНИИ: Немедленно обратиться за медицинской помощью. Прополоскать рот.
P302+P350:ПРИ ПОПАДАНИИ НА КОЖУ: Осторожно промыть большим количеством воды с мылом.
P304+P340:ПРИ ВДЫХАНИИ: Свежий воздух, покой.
P310:Немедленно обратиться за медицинской помощью.
P363:Перед повторным использованием выстирать загрязненную одежду.
P403+P233:Хранить в хорошо вентилируемом месте в плотно закрытой/герметичной таре.
P405:Хранить в недоступном для посторонних месте.
P501:Удалить содержимое/ контейнер на утвержденных станциях утилизации отходов.
SAXITOXIN химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
First recognized in 1957 by Shantz et al. in the butter clam Saxidomus giganteus, saxitoxin is a naturally occurring toxin that is synthesized by various marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria. It is used in neurochemical and molecular biology research, but regulatory concerns have focused on its weaponization and potent toxicological effects on animals and humans. Saxitoxin causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans and other animals; whales having ingested organisms contaminated with the toxin have died just hours after exposure. In humans, PSP can occur as a result of consuming shellfish or other seafood in which saxitoxin has accumulated. While effects have been documented worldwide, the sources of contaminated seafood have been identified as primarily the west and east coasts of the United States.To date, more than 30 different saxitoxin analogs have been identified. These include pure saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), the gonyautoxins (GTX), and decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dc-STX); of these, STX, 6NeoSTX, GTX1, and dc-STX seem to be the most toxic. The term saxitoxin typically refers to this collection of compounds produced naturally by cyanobacteria.
Saxitoxin is far more potent than the classic puffer fish toxin tetrodotoxin, and is one of only two naturally occurring Schedule 1 chemical warfare agents (the other is ricin). In 1970, President Nixon ordered stocks of the toxin destroyed in compliance with U.N. agreements on biological weapons; however, the Central Intelligence Agency revealed in 1975 that there was a remaining supply, which was distributed to research facilities by the National Institutes of Health in order to study neurological diseases.
Химические свойства
Crystalline solid; soluble in water and me thanol; forms dihydrochloride with HCl.Использование
Saxitoxin is an alkaloid of nonplant origin.It is the neurotoxic constituent of dinoflagel lates (Gonyaulax catenella and G. excavata)the so-called “red tide” found along the U.S.coast. Shellfish, clams, and scallops consumethis and become extremely poisonous forhuman consumption.Определение
ChEBI: An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.Угроза здоровью
Saxitoxin is an extremely toxic substance.It binds to sodium channels and the blocksnerve membrane. In humans, ingestion ofthis compound can produce tingling andburning in the lip, tongue, face, and thewhole body within an hour. This is fol lowed by numbness, muscular incoordina tion, confusion, headache, and respiratoryfailure. Death may occur within 12 hours.LD50 value intraperitoneal (mice): 0.005mg/kg
LD50 value oral (mice): 0.26 mg/kg
Intravenous administration of 1 mL of1:2000 solution of prostigmine methylsulfatehas been reported to be effective againstsaxitoxin poisoning (Hodgson et al. 1988).
Экологическая судьба
Dinoflagellates (flagellate protists, plankton) are primarily responsible for the biosynthesis of saxitoxin, and bioaccumulation tends to occur in several shellfish such as mussels, clams, scallops, and cockles. Broth made from shellfish can harbor saxitoxin as well due to its stability at normal cooking temperatures. Consumption of the shellfish leads to toxicity in humans, while consumption of other organisms in which saxitoxin has accumulated (up the food chain, for example) has historically affected other animals such as whales.Data describing the environmental fate of saxitoxin is extremely limited. There have been some studies investigating the absorption/desorption capacities of various soils for the compound, but more exhaustive studies are yet to be reported.
использованная литература
Schantz et al., J. Arner. Chern. Soc., 97, 1238 (1975)