Research has found that 9-phenylacridine (ACPH) exhibited anticancer activity in cell lines and in vivo animal models. Bioinformatics studies have indicated that it could have topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. It could also act as a PARP 1 inhibitor and was very effective in combination with cisplatin in cell line-based assays. ACPH also satisfied all criteria for a candidate drug from the Lipinski rule and showed good cell uptake. ACPH alone was effective in the A375 melanoma cell line. ACPH could be used as a promising new photosensitizer[1-2]. 9-Phenylacridine is the parent base of chrysaniline or 3,6-diamino-9- phenylacridine, the chief constituent of the dyestuff phosphine. It is commonly used in the electronics industry as a free radical photoinitiator, significantly improving photo speed.
9-Phenylacridine has antitumour activity. It can be used as a photosensitiser and can sensitise UVA-induced DNA damage in vitro and in cells. It also enhances cell killing by UVA. In addition. It is also used in photochemical research and as a raw material for organic synthesis.
Hansda et al. suggested that a nontoxic dose of 9-Phenylacridine (ACPH) with UVA light can inhibit the proliferation of A375 cells by inducing DNA damage both in in vitro DNA and in cells through photosensitization. Such treatment enhanced the generation of ROS in cells, leading to lipid peroxidation and depletion of GSH. This led to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase to promote apoptosis through the mitochondria-mediated pathway. Although there was a slight increase in the small population of cells undergoing death through autophagy by UVA on ACPH pretreatment, primarily UVA+ACPH resulted in cell death through apoptosis. Thus, using ACPH as a photosensitizer in PDT may be contemplated. Applying ACPH topically to target cells and then illuminating them with UVA can minimize the concern of inducing damage to the surrounding normal cells [1].
[1] Surajit Hansda, Rita Ghosh, Gargi Ghosh. "9-phenyl acridine photosensitizes A375 cells to UVA radiation." Heliyon (2020): e04733.
[2] Rita Ghosh, Dipanjan Guha, Sudipta Bhowmik. "9-phenyl acridine exhibits antitumour activity by inducing apoptosis in A375 cells." Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 361 1–2 (2012): 55–66.
