塩化カリウム

外観

白色の結晶

定義

本品は、カリウムの塩化物であり、次の化学式で表される。

性質

KCl(74.55)．天然にはシルビン，シルビナイト，カーナル石などとして岩塩とともに産出する．これらのカリ鉱石を熱水に溶解し，その飽和水溶液を冷却し，析出させて得られる．海水中には平均0.08％ 含まれる．塩化ナトリウムと同様の方法で精製する．結晶は無色の等軸晶系，塩化カリウムは，正六面体結晶．岩塩型構造．格子定数a ＝ 0.6278 nm．K-Cl0.314 nm．苦辛味がある．融点770 ℃，沸点1505 ℃．密度1.98 g cm－3．水100 g に対する溶解度は27.6 g(0 ℃)，56.7 g(100 ℃)．エタノールに難溶，アセトンに不溶．カリ肥料，カリウム塩の原料として重要である．消炎火薬の消炎剤，写真用試薬，緩衝液，電極液，医薬品にも用いられる．単結晶は赤外吸収測定用のプリズムやセルの窓に用いられる．

解説

カリウムと塩素の化合物。工業的には塩化カリともよばれる。天然には各種の鉱物、たとえば、シルビンKCl、シルビナイトKCl・NaCl、カーナリットKCl・MgCl2・6H2O、ハルトザルツKCl・NaCl・MgSO4・H2Oとして塩化ナトリウムや硫酸カルシウムの層間に産出する。海水中にも平均0.08％含まれている。水溶性鉱物から塩化カリウムを取り出すには連続溶解法か浮遊選鉱法が用いられる。

一例としてシルビナイトから粗塩化カリウム（含有率60～70％）を製造する工程を図に示す。再結晶法によって精製すれば高純度のものが得られる。無色の結晶性物質であるが、天然産には、不純物のために青色や黄赤色を呈するものがある。純粋なものは潮解性はないが、アルカリ土類塩などを含む粗製塩は吸湿性である。苦い辛味があり、水にはかなりよく溶けるが、アルコールやアセトンには溶けない。粗製品はそのまま肥料として用いられる。精製品は各種のカリウム塩の製造原料として重要であり、実験室では緩衝液や電極液の調製に用いられる。単結晶には、赤外線吸収スペクトル測定用のプリズムやセルの窓としての特殊な用途がある。そのほか熱処理剤、写真試薬、医薬にも使われる。

溶解性

水に溶けやすく、エタノールに溶けにくい。

解説

化学式はKCl。比重1.988，融点776℃，沸点1500℃。苦味と塩味がある無色の結晶。塩化カリとも。化学的性質は塩化ナトリウムに似る。天然にはシルビン（カリ岩塩）として岩塩とともに産出し，海水中にも少量存在する。工業的にはカーナライトMgCl2・KCl・6H2Oの水溶液から分別結晶により得る。カリ肥料，カリウム塩の原料，医薬などに多く用いられ，単結晶は赤外線用プリズムなどにも使われる。塩化カリは硫酸カリとともに代表的カリ肥料で，速効性である。→関連項目カリ肥料
株式会社平凡社 百科事典マイペディアについて　情報

用途

カリ塩薬品原料、緩衝液、電極液、写真薬

用途

汎用試薬。

医薬用

カリウム欠乏症の治療に医薬用の塩化カリウムが使われる。カリウムは生体内でもっとも大量に存在するイオンで、大部分が細胞内に含まれており、これが不足すると細胞の機能障害をおこす。このカリウムイオンの補給に塩化カリウムが内服または注射によって投与される。内服では胃障害を避けるために腸溶皮膜を施した徐放性製剤が用いられる。「スローケー」などがそれである。注射では電解質補正用や心臓手術の際の心停止液として輸液に混ぜて使われる。

用途

汎用試薬、調製液原料、製剤原料。

用途

JIS K0130 電気伝導率測定方法通則中の塩化カリウム標準液の調製。

用途

高純度金属化合物。

化粧品の成分用途

親水性増粘剤

効能

カリウム補充薬, 補正用電解質液

商品名

K.C.L. (丸石製薬); K.C.L. (丸石製薬); KCL (大塚製薬工場); KCL (大塚製薬工場); スローケー (ノバルティスファーマ); 塩化カリウム (山善製薬); 塩化カリウム (扶桑薬品工業); 塩化カリウム (日医工ファーマ)

使用上の注意

純度は金属ベースで差数法によって算出したもので、重量又は容量分析等の化学的方法によるものではありません。使用目的により、正確な含量が必要な場合は、それらの方法によって測定する必要があります。

説明

Potassium chloride (KCl) is a metal halide salt that is used in a variety of areas. The dominant application of potassium chloride is to serve as a fertilizer, which offers potassium to plants and prevents them from certain diseases. Besides, it can be applied in food and medical industry. As a treatment for hypokalemia, potassium chloride pills are taken to balance the blood's potassium levels and prevent potassium deficiency in the blood. In food industry, it serves as a electrolyte replenisher and a good salt substitute for food, as well as a firming agent to give consistent texture to food, thus to strengthen its structure.

化学的特性

Potassium chloride occurs as odorless, colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder, with an unpleasant, saline taste. The crystal lattice is a face-centered cubic structure. Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineralsylvite (KCl) and as carnallite(KCl·MgCl2·6H2O); it is produced industriallyby fractional crystallizationof these deposits or of solutions fromlake brines. It has the interesting property of being more soluble than sodium chloride in hot water but less soluble in cold. It has low toxicity.

使用

1. Potassium chloride is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology. It is a component of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Product No. P 3813) and of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) buffer (50 mM KCl).
2. KCl is also used in studies of ion transport and potassium channels.
3. KCl is also utilized in the solubilization, extraction, purification, and crystallization of proteins.
4. The use of KCl in the crystallization of histone core octamers has been reported.

調製方法

Potassium chloride occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite or sylvine; it also occurs in other minerals such as sylvinite, carnallite, and kainite. Commercially, potassium chloride is obtained by the solar evaporation of brine or by the mining of mineral deposits.

定義

ChEBI: Potassium chloride is a metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion. It has a role as a fertilizer. It is a potassium salt, an inorganic chloride and an inorganic potassium salt.

世界保健機関（WHO）

Potassium chloride has been used for many years to correct potassium deficiency. The use of fast-acting tablets has been associated with lesions of the gastro-intestinal mucosa, which have led to their general withdrawal.

一般的な説明

Potassium chloride (KCl) is a water-soluble metal salt that comprises of potassium and chlorine. It can be extracted from minerals and salt water. KCl can be used in industries such as cosmetics, food, biomedical, chemical and fertilizer.

空気と水の反応

Hygroscopic. Water soluble.

反応プロフィール

Potassium chloride is not in general strongly reactive. Violent reaction with BrF3 and with a mixture of sulfuric acid potassium permanganate mixture . Reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to generate fumes of hydrogen chloride.

健康ハザード

Potassium chloride is an essential constituent of the body for intracellular osmotic pressure and buffering, cell permeability, acid-base balance, muscle contraction and nerve function.
SYMPTOMS: Large doses of Potassium chloride usually induce vomiting, so acute intoxication by mouth is rare. If no pre-existing kidney damage, it is rapidly excreted. Poisoning disturbs the rhythm of heart. Large doses by mouth can cause gastrointestinal irritation, purging, weakness, and circulatory disturbances.

火災危険

Flammability data is not available, but Potassium chloride is probably nonflammable.

农业用途

Muriate of potash or potassium chloride (KCl), is a major potash fertilizer. It is water soluble and is generally blended with other components to make it a multi-nutrient fertilizer. It has a higher salt index than potassium sulphate and is recommended for most crops except tobacco, potato and grapes, which are sensitive to chloride ions.

応用例（製薬）

Potassium chloride is widely used in a variety of parenteral and nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations. Its primary use, in parenteral and ophthalmic preparations, is to produce isotonic solutions.
Potassium chloride is also used therapeutically in the treatment of hypokalemia.
Many solid-dosage forms of potassium chloride exist including: tablets prepared by direct compression and granulation; effervescent tablets; coated, sustained-release tablets; sustained- release wax matrix tablets;microcapsules;pellets; and osmotic pump formulations.
Experimentally, potassium chloride is frequently used as a model drug in the development of new solid-dosage forms, particularly for sustained-release or modified-release products. Potassium chloride is also used widely in the food industry as a dietary supplement, pH control agent, stabilizer, thickener, and gelling agent. It can also be used in infant formulations.

工業用途

Potassium chloride is a colorless or white crystallinecompound of the composition KCl, usedfor molten salt baths for the heat treatment ofsteels. The specific gravity is 1.987. A bathcomposed of three parts potassium chloride andtwo parts barium chloride is used for hardeningcarbon-steel drills and other tools. Steel toolsheated in this bath and quenched in a 3% sulfuricacid solution have a very bright surface.A common bath is made up of potassium chlorideand common salt and can be used for temperaturesup to 900°C.
Potassium chloride is used in the porcelainenamel industry as a setting-up agent in titaniumcover coats. In general, the quantities ofpotassium chloride, when used as an electrolyte,will be approximately the same as sodiumnitrite, which it replaces. However, KCl doesnot aid tearing resistance as does nitrite. Themain advantage in using potassium chloride isthe freedom from yellowing or creaming whenused in a blue-white enamel. Potassium chloridemay exert an adverse effect on the glossand may cause a slight decrease in the acidresistingproperties of the enamel, although thelatter effect is somewhat debatable.

安全性プロファイル

A human poison by ingestion. Poison experimentally by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by ingestion: nausea, blood clotting changes, carhac arrhythmias. An eye irritant. Mutation data reported. Explosive reaction with BrF3; sulfuric acid + potassium permanganate. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of K2O and Cl-.

貯蔵

Potassium chloride tablets become increasingly hard on storage at low humidities. However, tablets stored at 76% relative humidity showed no increase or only a slight increase in hardness.The addition of lubricants, such as 2% w/w magnesium stearate, reduces tablet hardness and hardness on aging.Aqueous potassium chloride solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving or by filtration.
Potassium chloride is stable and should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

純化方法

Dissolve it in conductivity water, filter it, and saturate it with chlorine (generated from conc HCl and KMnO4). Excess chlorine is boiled off, and the KCl is precipitated by HCl (generated by dropping conc HCl into conc H2SO4). The precipitate is washed with water, dissolved in conductivity water at 90-95o, and crystallised by cooling to about -5o. The crystals are drained at the centrifuge, dried in a vacuum desiccator at room temperature, then fused in a platinum dish under N2, cooled and stored in a desiccator. Potassium chloride has also been sublimed in a stream of pre-purified N2 gas and collected by electrostatic discharge [Craig & McIntosh Can J Chem 30 448 1952].

不和合性

Potassium chloride reacts violently with bromine trifluoride and with a mixture of sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate. The presence of hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and magnesium chloride decreases the solubility of potassium chloride in water. Aqueous solutions of potassium chloride form precipitates with lead and silver salts.
Intravenous aqueous potassium chloride solutions are incompatible with protein hydrolysate.

規制状況(Regulatory Status)

GRAS listed. Accepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections, ophthalmic preparations, oral capsules, and tablets). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.

参考文献

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride
https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00761
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-potassium-chloride-uses-formula-side-effects.html