CAPREOMYCIN

Capreomycin is a kind of antibiotics for the treatment of tuberculosis. It should be noted that it is for second line treatment, being used for targeting active drug resistant tuberculosis. It is mainly used for the treatment of mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a cyclic peptide antibiotic similar to viomycin, being produced by Streptomyces capreolus. It belongs to the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. The exact mechanism of action of capreomycin is largely unknown. It is indicated that it blocks the protein synthesis of mycobacterium tuberculosis through binding to the 70S ribosome, and also inducing abnormal protein synthesis in bacteria.

https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00314
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capreomycin

Capreomycin is a semisynthetic antibiotic (34.1.21) that is isolated from the cultural fluid of Streptomyces capreolus, and it is a complex of a minimum of four microbiologically active ingredients that have only partially been characterized.
Capreomycin has a pronounced suppressive effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Most strains of Mycobacterium kansasii are also sensitive to kanamycin, while other, nontuberculous strains are not sensitive to it. It is often used upon necessity of using parenternal therapy through deep intramuscular injections. Capreomycin is less toxic than kanamycin and has somewhat more of a bacteriostatic effect. Synonyms of this drug are capromycin, capastat, ogostal, and others.

Capastat,Dista

Capreomycin is a complex of cyclic pentopeptides isolated from Streptomyces capreolus, first reported in 1962. The complex has two major components, IA and IB, with an exocyclic lysine residue and two minor delysinyl components, IIA and IIB. Capreomycin is a potent antibiotic with activity against mycobateria, Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. Capreomycin acts by binding to the 23S ribosomal subunit, disrupting protein synthesis.

Capreomycin (Capastat) is a polypeptide antibiotic derived from Streptomyces capreolus. It is bacteriostatic against most strains of M. tuberculosis, including the MDR strain. In addition, it is active against M. kansasii, M. avium, and in high concentrations, some grampositive and gram-negative bacteria. Like other antitubercular drugs, resistance to capreomycin occurs rapidly if the drug is used alone.There is no cross-resistance between streptomycin and capreomycin, but some isolates resistant to capreomycin are resistant to viomycin.

Preparation of Capreomycin
A culture of NRRL 2773 is produced by growing the organism on a nutrient agar slant having the following composition: Tomato paste 20 g, Pre-cooked oatmeal 20 g, Agar 15 g and tap water up to 1 L. The slant is inoculated for 10 days at about 30°C. The culture growth on the slant is covered with 6 ml of nutrient broth, and the slant is scraped gently to remove the organisms to provide an aqueous suspension.
Employing aseptic techniques, the inocolum obtained is used to inoculate a 2 L Erlenmeyer flask containing a 500 ml portion of a sterilized vegetative culture medium having the following composition: Soluble starch 10 g, Peptones 5 g, Beef extract 5 g, Sodium chloride 5 g, Yeast extract 2.5 g and tap water 1100 ml.
The incubation is carried out at 28°C for 48 hours; during which time the flasks are shaken at the rate of 250 cycles per minute on a rotary shaker having a 1-inch stroke. To produce a larger quantity of vegetative inocolum, 500 ml of the vegetative inocolum is added aseptically to a stainless steel 350-gallon fermentation tank containing 250 gallons of sterile medium having following composition (weight/volume): Glucose 1.5%, Yeast 1.5%, Antifoam ("Polyglycol No 2000" sold by Dow Chemical Co) 0.02%.
The inoculum is allowed to grow for 22 hours at 30°C. Throughout the growth period, the medium is aerated with sterile air at the rate of 17 cubic feet per minute and is agitated with 16-inch impeller rotating at 160 revolution per minute.
To a 1700-gallon stainless steel fermentor are added 1100 gallons of a medium having following composition (weight/volume): Glucose 2.5%, Molasses 1.0%, Peptones 4.0%, Calcium carbonate 0.2%, Hydrolyzed casein 0.6%, Antifoam ("Polyglycol No 2000" sold by Dow Chemical Co) 0.005%.
The medium after sterilization is inoculated with 100 gallons of the inoculum grown in the fermentation tank. The fermentation is carried on at 30°C for 5 days. The foam is controlled by the addition, when needed, of "Larex No 1" (an antifoam product sold by Swift and Co.). Throughout the fermentation, the medium is aerated with sterile air at the rate of 17 cubic feet per minute and is agitated with 22-inch impeller rotating at 140 revolution per minute. At the end of the fermentation, 240 pounds of "Dicalite 476" (a perlite filler product sold by Great Lakes Carbon Corporation) are added 1000 gallons or the antibiotic broth, and the mixture is stirred and filtered. The filter cake is washed with tap water and the filtrates are combined to provide a total volume of 1000 gallons. To 500 gallons of the combined liquids are added 132 pounds of "Darco G-60". The mixture is filtered, and the filtrate is discarded. The carbon filter cake is washed with 200 L of tap water, the wash water being discarded.
The washed carbon cake on which the capreomycin is adsorbed is washed with 200 L of 0.05 N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The acid wash is discarded. The washed carbon cake is eluted during a one-hour period with 400 L of an aqueous acetone containing 1.65 L of 11.7 N hydrochloric acid and 80 L of acetone. The filter cake is further eluted by washing the cake with 200 L of an aqueous acetone containing 825 ml of 11.7 N hydrochloric acid and 40 L of acetone during a 15-minute period. The combined eluates, having a total volume 575 L, are concentrated in vacuo to 52.5 L. The concentrate is added with stirring to 525 L of acetone and the acetone mixture is permitted to stand overnight at room temperature, during which time an oily precipitate of capreomycin separates. The supernatant is decanted and discarded, and the oily precipitate which remains is dissolved in 20 L of distilled water. The aqueous solution is filtered. The filtrate is added to 240 L of methanol. The methanolic solution is acidified by the addition of 1 L of 10 N sulfuric acid, whereupon the precipitation of the capreomycin disulfate commences. The mixture is permitted to stand overnight. The supernant is removed by decantation and filtering. The precipitate is washed with 10 L of methanol, yield Capreomycin 2510 g.

Capastat Sulfate (Lilly).

Antibacterial, Antitubercular

Capreomycin is poorly absorbed from GI tract and so must be given parenterally. It is excreted mainly unchanged in the urine following glomerular filtration. Capreomycin is a used as a second-line agent in combination with other drugs. It appears to be particularly useful in multidrug regimens for the treatment of drugresistant tuberculosis, especially with streptomycin resistance. Capreomycin is associated with ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and these adverse effects can be severe in patients with preexisting renal insufficiency.

Antibacterial agent in combination with other drugs:

Tuberculosis that is resistant to first-line drugs

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Increased risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity with aminoglycosides and vancomycin.

Approximately 50% of a dose is excreted unchanged in the urine by glomerular filtration within 12 hours.