Aminoguanidine hydrochloride

Preparation of Aminoguanidine Hydrochloride: Weigh 9g of aminoguanidine carbonate into a 250ml three-necked flask, add 20ml of anhydrous ethanol. The solid is insoluble in anhydrous ethanol, forming a suspension. While stirring at room temperature, add dropwise a mixture of 6ml of 30% concentrated hydrochloric acid and 10ml of anhydrous ethanol until no more bubbles are produced. Continue stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. Heat the resulting suspension to completely dissolve the solid, allow it to cool naturally to room temperature, transfer it to a refrigerator, and leave it overnight to obtain white rod-shaped crystals with a melting point of 166-167℃.

Aminoguanidine is equipotent to L-NMMA and L-NNA as an inhibitor of iNOS. The IC₅₀ values for inhibition of mouse iNOS and rat nNOS are 5.4 and 160 μM, respectively. Aminoguanidine also inhibits induction of iNOS protein expression by endotoxin in rat macrophages. Aminoguanidine Hydrochloride is used in the synthetic preparation of highly selective and potent G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) inhibitor for potential treatment of heart failure.                                                            

white to off-white crystals

antitussive

Aminoguanidine hydrochloride may be employed as nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor to investigate its effect on the reduction of alveolar bone loss in ligature induced periodontitis in rats. It may be used in the synthesis of 5-guanylhydrazone derivatives, having antibacterial activity against antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

a-Glucosidase inhibitor; hydroxyethyl derivative of 1-deoxynojirimycin

It is reported that aminoguanidine hydrochloride has two important biological effects. Firstly, it is effective for the prevention of formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) associated with pathogenesis of secondary complications to diabetes and with cardiovascular changes in aging. Aminoguanidine hydrochloride reacts rapidly with in vivo glycation α,β-dicarbonyl products such as methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone to prevent the formation of AGEs.
Secondly, it inhibits of the individual isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which is one of three key enzymes generating nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. iNOS-derived nitric oxide plays an important role in numerous physiological (e.g. blood pressure regulation) and pathophysiological (e.g. inflammation) conditions.

Aminoguanidine hydrochloride has been reported in a study as inhibitor of animal nitric oxide (NO)-synthase. Crystal structure of aminoguanidine hydrochloride has been investigated by Fourier and least squares method. Its crystals were monoclinic and the guanidine part of the aminoguanidinium ion is planar.

Not classified

Inhibits both constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthetase.

[1] JOLY G.A. Effects of NG-Methyl-L-arginine, NG-Nitro-L-arginine, and Aminoguanidine on Constitutive and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat Aorta[J]. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1994, 199 1: Pages 147-154. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1207
[2] J A CORBETT  M L M. Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase by aminoguanidine.[J]. Methods in enzymology, 1996, 268: 398-408. DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(96)68042-2
[3] H. RUETTEN  C. T. Prevention of the Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase by Aminoguanidine or Aminoethyl-Isothiourea in Macrophages and in the Rat[J]. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 1996, 225 2: Pages 525-530. DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1206