Thymol

Thymol is the main constituent of thyme and some origanum oils; it also occurs in many other essential oils. It forms colorless crystals (mp 51.5°C) with a spicy, herbal, slightly medicinal odor reminiscent of thyme. Thymol is prepared on a technical scale in a continuous high-temperature, high-pressure, liquid-phase, ortho-alkylation process, fromm-cresol and propylene, in the presence of activated aluminumoxide hydrate.
The crude thymol mixture, consisting of approximately 60% thymol, unreacted m-cresol (about 25%), and other (iso)propyl-substituted products, is separated by fractional distillation. Most of the by-products are recycled.
Thymol is used as a dry top note in lavender compositions, in men’s fragrances, and as a disinfectant in oral care products. It is also important as a startingmaterial for the production of racemic menthol.
Anethole is used in large quantities in the alcoholic beverage industry and in oral hygiene products. Some crude anethole is converted into anisaldehyde.

Thymol has a characteristic herbaceous, warm and aromatic odor with a sweet, medicinal, spicy flavor

Thymol occurs as colorless or often large translucent crystals, or as a white crystalline powder with a herbal odor (aromatic and thymelike) and a pungent caustic taste.

Reported in the essential oils of Monarda punctata, Satureia thymera, Origanum floribundum, Ocimum viride, Ocimum gratissimum and particularly in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., T. capitatus, T. serpillum L.), where it is contained up to 50%. Also reported found in citrus peel oils, orange and tangerine juice, bilberry, cranberry, blueberry, papaya, blackberry, celery seed, chive, clove bud, cumin seed, ginger, peppermint oil, corn mint oil, Scotch spearmint oil, nutmeg, parsley, thyme, Gruyere cheese, parmesan cheese, romano cheese, white wine, black tea, plum, sweet and wild marjoram, fenugreek, mango, cardamom, dill herb and seed, licorice, lovage leaf, buckwheat, sweet corn, elder flower, cherimoya, rosemary, lemon balm, Spanish sage, anise hyssop, sweet grass oil, eucalyptus oil and mastic gum oil.

Thymol is used as a preservative in halothane. It acts as an anesthetic, antiseptic in mouth wash, stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations. It inhibits the growth and lactate production as well as reduces the uptake of cellular glucose within the bacteria. It is an active ingredient in toothpastes like euthymol. It is involved to control varroa mites and prevent fermentation and the growth of mold in bee colonies.

Thymol is more commonly used in flavor compositions, mainly in toothpaste flavor, cough drops, mouth washes, gargles and chewing gums. It is often used partly for its antiseptic effect in such products. The concentration may vary from 2 to I00 ppm, highest in chewing gums.
A newer use of Thymol is that in imitation Mandarin flavor, since the material was identified in Mandarin peel oil in 1963. It blends excellently with Citrus, Mint, Spice and herbaceous flavor materials or with fruity complexes.

thymol: A pungent-smelling colourless crystalline compound, C₁₀H₁₄O;m.p. 51°C. It occurs in various essentialoils, particularly oil of thyme,and can be made by using iron(III)chloride to oxidize piperitone (itselfextracted from eucalyptus oil). Itsantiseptic properties are exploited ingargles and mouthwashes.

Thymol is obtained from the volatile oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris Linne′ (Fam. Labiatae)) by fractional distillation followed by extraction and recrystallization. Thyme oil yields about 20–30% thymol. Thymol may also be produced synthetically from pcymene, menthone, or piperitone, or by the interaction of m-cresol with isopropyl chloride.

Detection: 86 to 790 ppb

Phenolic, medicinal, woody and spicy

Thymol is a monoterpene phenol derivative. It is a key volatile aroma constituent of the essential oil of plants such as thyme, basil, and oregano. It has strong antioxidant, antibacterial, anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties.

Not classified

Thymol is a phenolic antiseptic, which has antibacterial and antifungal activity. However, it is not suitable for use as a preservative in pharmaceutical formulations because of its low aqueous solubility. The antimicrobial activity of thymol against eight oral bacteria has been studied in vitro. Inhibitory activity was noted against almost all organisms, and a synergistic effect was observed for combinations of thymol and eugenol, and of thymol and carvacrol. The activity of thymol against bacteria commonly involved in upper respiratory tract infections has also been shown.
Thymol is a more powerful disinfectant than phenol, but its low water solubility, its irritancy to tissues, and its inactivation by organic material, such as proteins, limit its use as a disinfectant. Thymol is chiefly used as a deodorant in antiseptic mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes, such as in Compound Thymol Glycerin BP, in which it has no antiseptic action.
Thymol is also a true antioxidant and has been used at concentrations of 0.01% as an antioxidant for halothane, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene. The antioxidant activity of thymol and thymol analogues has been described. More recently, thymol has been shown to enhance the in vitro percutaneous absorption of a number of drugs, including 5- fluorouracil, piroxicam, propranolol, naproxen, and tamoxifen. Studies have also demonstrated that the melting point of lidocaine is significantly lowered when it is mixed with thymol.
The inhalation of thymol, in combination with other volatile substances, is used to alleviate the symptoms of colds, coughs, and associated respiratory disorders. Externally, thymol has been used in dusting powders for the treatment of fungal skin infections; thymol has been shown to have synergistic antifungal effects when combined with ketoconazole. Thymol was formerly used in the treatment of hookworm infections but has now been superseded by less toxic substances.
In dentistry, thymol has been mixed with phenol and camphor to prepare cavities before filling, and mixed with zinc oxide to form a protective cap for dentine.
Thymol has been included in food, perfume, and cosmetic products, and has also been used as a pesticide and fungicide.

Taste at 5 ppm

Isopropyl m-cresol is extracted from oil of Thymus vulgaris(thyme, of the mint family) by partitioning into alkalineaqueous medium followed by acidification. The crystals obtainedfrom the mother liquor are large and colorless, with athymelike odor. Thymol is only slightly soluble in water,but it is extremely soluble in alcohols and other organic solvents.Thymol has mild fungicidal properties and is used inalcohol solutions and in dusting powders for the treatmentof tinea (ringworm) infections.

Poison by ingestion and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. An allergen. Incompatible with acetanilide. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. An FDA over-the-counter drug used as an antibacterial and antifungal agent.

Thymol is used in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceutical applications as an excipient. However, thymol may be irritating when inhaled or following contact with the skin or eyes. It may also cause abdominal pain and vomiting, and sometimes stimulation followed by depression of the central nervous system following oral consumption; fats and alcohol increase absorption and aggravate symptoms.
Respiratory arrest, attributed to acute nasal congestion and edema, has been reported in a 3-week-old patient due to the erroneous intranasal application of Karvol, a combination product that includes thymol. The patient recovered, but it was recommended that inhalation decongestants should not be used in children under the age of 5 years.
LD50 (guinea pig, oral): 0.88 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IP): 0.11 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): 0.1 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): 0.64 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, SC): 0.243 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 0.98 g/kg

Thymol should be stored in well-closed, light-resistant containers, in a cool, dry, place. Thymol is affected by light.

Thymol is incompatible with iodine, alkalis, and oxidizing agents. It liquefies, or forms soft masses, on trituration with acetanilide, antipyrine, camphor, monobromated camphor, chloral hydrate, menthol, phenol, or quinine sulfate. The antimicrobial activity of thymol is reduced in the presence of proteins.

GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (inhalation, liquid; oral, powder for solution). Included in nonparenteral medicines (topical creams and ointments) licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Nonmedicinal Ingredients.