Histamine dihydrochloride has been used:
- as a orthograde cotransmitter in producing excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
- to determine its level in fish using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)
- to assess the tracheal response to antigens in guinea-pigs
Present in most mammalian tissues; primarily stored in mast cells and basophils. Exhibits multiple biological effects through at least 3 specific receptors. Induces bronchoconstriction and vasodilation; stimulates gastric acid secretion; and acts as a neurotransmitter.
Histamine dihydrochloride has been shown to activate nitric oxide synthetase and suppress or inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of ROS by histamine dihydrochloride allows activation of T cells and NK cells by IL-2. In a rat model, histamine dihydrochloride suppressed ROS generated by Kupffer cells through the H2 histamine receptor. It is a potent vasodilator and endogenous histamine receptor agonist.
Histamine Dihydrochloride is a derivative of histamine, which is implicated in tumor cell apoptosis and prevents the relapse of acute myeloid leukemia in patients. It prevents the formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and inhibits the activation of T cells and natural killer cells.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Endogenous agonist at histamine receptors (H 1-4 ). Released from mast cells and basophils and exhibits inflammatory, vasodilatory and bronchoconstrictory activity. Stimulates gastric acid secretion and acts as a neurotransmitter in vivo .
Histamine dihydrochloride has been shown to activate nitric oxide synthetase and suppress or inhibit the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of ROS by histamine dihydrochloride allows activation of T cells and NK cells by IL-2. In a rat model, histamine dihydrochloride suppressed ROS generated by Kupffer cells through the H2 histamine receptor.
A method for synthesizing histamine dihydrochloride was carried out as follows: 15 g of L-histidine, 1.5 g of cuprous bromide, 4 ml of p-methylacetophenone, and 120 ml of methylcyclohexanol were added to a 200 ml flask equipped with mechanical stirring and a thermometer, evacuated and then filled with nitrogen to protect it from light. The reaction was heated to 100-110C for 10 hours. The temperature was lowered to below 30C and hydrogen chloride gas was introduced, an ice bath was used to control the temperature below 30C and the gas was introduced for 2 to 3 hours. The solid was filtered and washed with dichloromethane, and the filter cake was vacuum dried for 4 hours to obtain a white-like solid. The solid was dissolved in 85% methanol solution, and hydrogen chloride gas was introduced for the second time with stirring, and an ice bath was used to control the temperature below 30. At the end of the reaction, Egret Z activated carbon was added to decolorize, and the filtrate was filtered to precipitate crystals at a reduced temperature. The solid was filtered and vacuum dried to obtain 4.11g of white solid with 23% yield. Related substances <0.2, single impurity <0.07%.
Room temperature (desiccate)
The dihydrochloride crystallises from aqueous EtOH. The phosphate (2H3PO4) [51-74-1] has m 132-133o (from H2O). [Beilstein 25 III/IV 2049.]
