Methylphenidate's mode of action is not completely known, but it is believed that ADHD symptoms are related to the dopaminergic areas of the brain. Animal studies indicate that methylphenidate affects several neurotransmitters to counteract ADHD behavior. Methylphenidate binds to dopamine transporters in the presynaptic neuron, blocking the reuptake of dopamine and increasing extracellular dopamine. Methylphenidate also infl uences norepinephrine reuptake and infl uences serotonin to a minor degree.