青酸

危険有害性情報のコード(GHS)

• 絵表示(GHS)

  

• 注意喚起語

  Danger

• 危険有害性情報

  H300：飲み込むと生命に危険

  H310：皮膚に接触すると生命に危険

  H330：吸入すると生命に危険

  H410：長期的影響により水生生物に非常に強い毒性

• 注意書き

  P260：粉じん/煙/ガス/ミスト/蒸気/スプレーを吸入しないこ と。

  P262：眼、皮膚、衣類につけないこと。

  P264：取扱い後は皮膚をよく洗うこと。

  P264：取扱い後は手や顔をよく洗うこと。

  P270：この製品を使用する時に、飲食または喫煙をしないこ と。

  P271：屋外または換気の良い場所でのみ使用すること。

  P273：環境への放出を避けること。

  P280：保護手袋/保護衣/保護眼鏡/保護面を着用するこ と。

  P284：呼吸用保護具を着用すること。

  P301+P310：飲み込んだ場合：直ちに医師に連絡すること。

  P302+P350：皮膚に付着した場合：多量の水と石鹸で優しく洗うこと。

  P304+P340：吸入した場合：空気の新鮮な場所に移し、呼吸しやすい 姿勢で休息させること。

  P310：ただちに医師に連絡すること。

  P320：特別な治療が緊急に必要である（このラベ ルの．．．を見よ）。

  P321：特別な処置が必要である（このラベルの．．． を見よ）。

  P322：特別な処置が必要である（このラベルの．．． を見よ）。

  P330：口をすすぐこと。

  P361：汚染された衣類をすべて脱ぐこと。

  P363：汚染された衣類を再使用す場合には洗濯をすること。

  P391：漏出物を回収すること。

  P403+P233：換気の良い場所で保管すること。容器を密閉 しておくこと。

  P405：施錠して保管すること。

  P501：内容物/容器を．．．に廃棄すること。

青酸 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

• 性質

  シアン化水素の水溶液。俗称青酸。ヘキサシアノ鉄(Ⅱ)酸カリウムK4[Fe(CN)6]を希硫酸とともに蒸留する。きわめて弱い酸で、シアン化カリウムの水溶液は加水分解のため強いアルカリ性を示す。水溶液は徐々に分解してギ酸アンモニウムを生じる。青酸ともいう．シアン化水素HCNの水溶液のこと．リトマスも赤変しないくらいの弱酸(pKa 約9.2)である．低温でも徐々に加水分解する．アルカリ金属塩水溶液は加水分解のため，強アルカリ性を示す．

• 解説

  水溶性，猛毒の無色気体，HCN．俗に青酸ガスとよばれる．特異臭を有する．水溶液はシアン化水素酸．有機合成用出発原料，殺虫剤などとして用いられる．

• 用途

  アクリロニトリル、アクリル酸樹脂、乳酸、その他の有機合成原料、蛍光染料原料、農薬(柑橘や苗木のカイガラムシ駆除)、殺ソ剤原料、冶金、鉱業用

• 用途

  シアン化合物（HCN, (CN)2など）は猛毒であるが、保安技術の進歩に伴って、アルデヒドやニトリルなどの有機合成、果樹の害虫駆除剤、金・銀などの電気精錬、めっき工業などに広く利用されている。青酸, その存在は、ピクリン酸‐炭酸ナトリウム試験紙が黄色から紫色に変色するか、ベンジジン‐酢酸銅試験紙が青色に着色することによってわかる。

• 説明

  Hydrocyanic acid, HCN, is corrosive in addition to toxic. It is also a dangerous fire and explosion risk. It has a wide flammable range of 6%–41% in air. The boiling point is 79°F (26°C), the flash point is 0°F, and the ignition temperature is 1004°F (540°C). It is toxic by inhalation and ingestion and through skin absorption. The TLV of hydrocyanic acid is 10 ppm in air. It is used in the manufacture of acrylonitrile, acrylates, cyanide salts, dyes, rodenticides, and other pesticides.

• 化学的特性

  Water-white liquid at temperatures below 26.5°C; sweet odor reminiscent of mashed Bitter Almonds, but more woody and delicate. Usual commercial material is 96–99% pure. Soluble in water. The solution is weakly acidic, sensitive to light. When not absolutely pure or stabilized, hydrogen cyanide polymerize.

• 物理的性質

  Colorless liquid or gas; odor of bitter almond; burns in air with a blue flame;refractive index 1.2675; autoignition temperature 538°C; vapor density at31°C 0.947 (air=1); liquid density 0.715 g/mL at 0°C and 0.688 g/mL at 20°C;boils at 25.7°C; melts at 13.24°C; vapor pressure 264 torr at 0°C; critical tem-perature 183.5°C; critical pressure 53.20 atm; critical volume 139 cm³/moldielectric constant 158.1 at 0°C and 114.9 at 20°C; conductivity 3.3 mhos/cmat 25°C; viscosity 0.201 centipoise at 20°C; surface tension 19.68 dyn/cm;readily mixes with water and alcohols; density of a 10% aqueous solution0.984 g/mL at 20°C; pKaat 25°C 9.21.

• 天然物の起源

  Peaches, apricots, bitter almonds, cherries, and plums contain some HCN derivatives in their kernels, frequently in combination with glucose and benzaldehyde as a glucoside (amygdalin). The bitter almond fragrance of HCN and its derivatives sometimes can be detected in such kernels.

• 来歴

  Hydrogen cyanide in pure form was prepared first in 1815 by Gay-Lussac.Earlier, in 1782, Scheel prepared this compound in dilute solution. The mostimportant application of hydrogen cyanide is to produce methyl methacrylatefor methacrylate resins and plastics. Other products made from hydrogencyanide include potassium cyanide, sodium cyanide, adiponitrile, methionine,cyanuric chloride, cyanogen, nitrilotriacetic acid, and several triazine pesti-cides. The compound also is used in small amounts for extermination ofrodents.

• 使用

  HCN was first isolated from a blue dye, Prussian blue, in 1704. HCN is obtainable from fruits that have a pit, such as cherries, apricots, and bitter almonds, from which almond oil and flavouring are made. HCN is used in fumigating, electroplating, mining, and producing synthetic fibres, plastics, dyes, and pesticides. It also is used as an intermediate in chemical syntheses.
  Besides, hydrogen cyanide is used in manufacturing cyanide salts, aerylonitrile,and dyes.It is also used as a horticultural fumigant.

• 製造方法

  Hydrogen cyanide is generally produced in industrial quantities by hightemperature catalytic reaction between ammonia, methane, and air (theAndrussow process). The stoichiometry of the process is:
  2CH₄ + 2NH₃ + 3O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O ΔH_rxn = 230.4 kcal
  The above reaction is endothermic requiring a temperature of 1,100°C and acatalyst such as platinum or rhodium. Other hydrocarbons may be usedinstead of methane.
  The compound may be made by several other methods, which include:1. Heating methanol and ammonia in the absence of air at elevated temperatures (600 to 950°C) using a catalyst:
  CH3OH + NH3 → HCN + H₂O + H₂
  2. Thermal decomposition of formamide at elevated temperatures and reduced pressure:
  HCONH₂ → HCN + H₂O
  3. Heating acetonitrile and ammonia at 1,100 to 1,300°C:
  CH₃CN + NH₃ → 2HCN +2H₂
  4. Reaction of sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide or potassium ferrocyanide with a mineral acid:
  NaCN + HCl → HCN + NaCl
  K₄Fe(CN)₆ + 6HCl → 6HCN + 4KCl + FeCl₂

• 定義

  ChEBI: A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom. Also known as formonitrile, hydrogencyanide and prussic acid,HCN is a highly toxic liquid that has the odor of bitter almonds and boils at 25.6 °C.
  also known as hydrocyanic acid, prussic acid, and fonnonitrile, is a very poisonous colorless gas with a characteristic fragrance of bitter almonds. Small amounts of hydrogen cyanide derivatives in combination with glucose and benzaldehyde are found in nature in apricot,peach,cherry, and plum pits.It liquifies at 26°C (79 OF) and is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether. Hydrogen cyanide is usually sold commercially as an aqueous solution containing 2 to 10% hydrogen cyanide. HCN reacts with amines, oxidisers, acids, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, caustic substances, and ammonia. The aqueous solutions of hydrogen cyani dedecompose slowly to form anunonium formate. In some uses, it is preferable to generate hydrogen cyanide as needed, thus eliminating handling and storage problems.

• 調製方法

  Hydrogen cyanide has been manufactured from sodium cyanide and mineral acid and from formamide by catalytic dehydration. Two synthesis processes account for most of the hydrogen cyanide produced. The dominant commercial process for direct production of hydrogen cyanide is based on classic technology involving the reaction of ammonia, methane (natural gas), and air over a platinum catalyst; it is called the Andrussow process. The second process, which involves the reaction of ammonia and methane, is called the Blaus€aure–Methan–Ammoniak (BMA) process; it was developed by Degussa in Germany. Hydrogen cyanide is also obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of acrylonitrile by the ammoxidation of propylene (Sohio process).

• 反応性

  Hydrogen cyanide reacts with hydrogen at 140 °C in the presence of a catalyst, e.g., platinum black, to form methyl amine CH3NH2. When burned in air, it produces a pale violet flame; when heated with dilute sulfuric acid, it forms formamide HCONH2 and ammonium formate HCOONH4; when exposed to sunlight with chlorine it forms cyanogen chloride CNCl, plus hydrogen chloride. An important reaction of hydrogen cyanide is that with aldehydes or ketones, whereby cyanhydrins are formed, e.g., acetaldehyde cyanhydrin CH3CHOH·CH, and the resulting cyanhydrins are readily converted into alpha-hydroxy acids, e.g., alphahydroxypropionic acid CH3·CHOH·COOH.

• 一般的な説明

  Hydrocyanic acid solution is water containing up to 5% dissolved hydrocyanic acid with the faint odor of almonds. HYDROGEN CYANIDE is toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations or short term exposure to high concentrations may result in adverse health effects. Its vapors are just barely lighter than air.

• 反応プロフィール

  This particular record contains hydrogen cyanide dissolved in water. Hydrogen cyanide is a very volatile liquid or colorless gas smelling of bitter almonds, b.p. 26° C. A deadly human poison by all routes. The gas (hydrogen cyanide) forms explosive mixtures with air, HYDROGEN CYANIDE reacts violently with acetaldehyde. HYDROGEN CYANIDE is a severe explosion hazard when heated or exposed to oxidizers. HYDROGEN CYANIDE may polymerize explosively at elevated temperature (50-60° C) or in the presence of traces of alkali [Wohler, L. et al., Chem. Ztg., 1926, 50, p. 761, 781]. In the absence of a stabilizer (e.g., phosphoric acid) HYDROGEN CYANIDE may undergo explosively rapid spontaneous (autocatalytic) polymerization leading to a fire. The reaction is autocatalytic because of ammonia formation. The anhydrous acid should be stabilized by the addition of acid. [Bond, J., Loss Prev. Bull., 1991, 101, p.3]. During the preparation of imidoester hydrochlorides, hydrogen chloride was rapidly passed over alcoholic hydrogen cyanide. An explosion ensued, even with cooling of the process, [J. Org. Chem., 1955, 20, 1573].

• 危険性

  Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive limits in air 6–41%. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. TLV: ceiling 4.7 ppm.

• 健康ハザード

  Exposures to hydrogen cyanide cause adverse health effects to animals and humans. Hydrogen cyanide is readily absorbed from the lungs and the symptoms of poisoning begin within seconds to minutes. The symptoms of toxicity and poisoning include, but are not restricted to, asphyxia, lassitude or weakness, exhaustion, headache, confusion, nausea, vomiting, increased rate and depth of respiration, or respiration slow and gasp- ing, thyroid and blood changes. Inhalation of hydrogen cyanide causes headache, dizzi- ness, confusion, nausea, shortness of breath, convulsions, vomiting, weakness, anxiety, irregular heart beat, tightness in the chest, and unconsciousness, and these effects may be delayed. The target organs of induced toxicity and poisoning include the CNS, cardiovas- cular system, thyroid, and blood.

• 火災危険

  Hydrogen cyanide is a highly flammable liquid. Liquid HCN contains a stabilizer (usually phosphoric acid), and old samples may explode if the acid stabilizer is not maintained at a sufficient concentration.

• 燃焼性と爆発性

  Hydrogen cyanide is a highly flammable liquid. Liquid HCN contains a stabilizer (usually phosphoric acid), and old samples may explode if the acid stabilizer is not maintained at a sufficient concentration.

• 化学性质

  猛毒の色液体，融点?13.3℃，沸点25.7℃，水に溶解し，シアン化水素酸（青酸）は弱酸性を示す

• 貯蔵

  Hydrogen cyanide should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly sealed containers and with the correct label. Containers of hydrogen cyanide should be protected from physical damage and should be stored separately from amines and oxidizers, such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, chlorates, and nitrates. It should be kept sepa- rated from strong acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids, away from sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, water, ammonia, acetaldehyde, and caustics.

• 合成方法

  Andrussow法，Sohio法によるアクリロニトリル合成の副反応，シアン化ナトリウムやシアン化カルシウムに酸を作用させると容易に生成する

• 純化方法

  HCN is prepared from NaCN and H2SO4, and dried by passage through H2SO4 and over CaCl2, then distilled in a vacuum system and degassed at 77oK before use [Arnold & Smith J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 2 77 861 1981]. Cylinder HCN may contain stabilisers against explosive polymerisation, together with small amounts of H3PO4, H2SO4, SO2, and water. It can be purified by distillaton over P2O5, then frozen in Pyrex bottles at Dry-ice temperature for storage. [Zeigler Org Synth Coll Vol I 314 1941, Glemser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I pp 658-660 1963.] Liquid HCN, like liquid ammonia, evaporates very slowly since the latent heat of evaporation is high and keeps it in the liquid state because the temperature of the liquid is lowered to below its boiling point. EXTREMELY POISONOUS; all due precautions should be taken.

• 不和合性

  HCN can polymerize explosively if heated above 50 °C or in the presence of trace amounts of alkali.

• 廃棄物の処理

  In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources. Cleanup should be conducted wearing appropriate chemical-resistant clothing and respiratory protection Disposal Excess hydrogen cyanide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

• 予防処置

  Occupational workers should be very careful in the management of HCN since the gas in air is explosive at concentrations over 5.6%, equivalent to 56,000 ppm and it does not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. HCN at a concentration of 300 mg/m3 in air becomes fatal within about 10 min and HCN at a concentration of 3500 ppm (about 3200 mg/m3 ) kills a human in about 1 min.

青酸 上流と下流の製品情報

青酸 スペクトルデータ(¹HNMR、ESR)

74-90-8, 青酸 キーワード