尿素

危険有害性情報のコード(GHS)

• 絵表示(GHS)

  

• 注意喚起語

  Warning

• 危険有害性情報

  H320：眼刺激

• 注意書き

  P264：取扱い後は皮膚をよく洗うこと。

  P264：取扱い後は手や顔をよく洗うこと。

  P305+P351+P338：眼に入った場合：水で数分間注意深く洗うこと。次にコ ンタクトレンズを着用していて容易に外せる場合は外す こと。その後も洗浄を続けること。

  P337+P313：眼の刺激が続く場合：医師の診断/手当てを受けること。

尿素 価格

MSDS Information

• Carbamide

尿素 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

• 外観

  白色の結晶

• 定義

  本品は、次の化学式で表される有機化合物である。

• 溶解性

  水及びエタノールにやや溶けやすく、ジエチルエーテルにほとんど溶けない。

• 解説

  尿素,弱い塩味をもつ無色の柱状晶．融点132 ℃．d₄²⁰"1.335．n_D²⁰"1.484．エタノールや水に易溶，エーテルに難溶．弱塩基性で，酸とは塩を形成する尿素.徐々に熱すると，融点以上でシアヌル酸に，150～170 ℃ でビウレットとアンモニアに，200 ℃ でシアヌル酸トリウレイドに分解する．水溶液は酸やアルカリとの加熱，酵素ウレアーゼの作用によりアンモニアと二酸化炭素に加水分解し，亜硝酸を作用させると窒素を発生する．アルカリ性水溶液中で次亜臭素酸を作用させると窒素を生じるが，この反応はウレアーゼによる反応とともに尿素の定量に用いられる．　　CO(NH2)2 ＋ 3NaOBr ＋ 2NaOH → N2 ＋ Na2CO3 ＋ 3NaBr ＋ 3H2O　　尿素に酸塩化物を作用させるとウレイド(アシル尿素)を生成する．尿素は直鎖状炭化水素，脂肪酸，アルコール類と結晶性の付加物をつくるので，これらの分離精製にも利用される．尿素肥料，尿素樹脂原料として大量に使われるほか，利尿剤や分析用試薬にも用いられる．

  森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
  

• 用途

  汎用試薬、有機合成原料。

• 用途

  尿素樹脂の原料、接着剤

• 用途

  タンパク質・核酸の変性剤。

• 用途

  有機合成原料、調製液原料。

• 化粧品の成分用途

  保湿.湿潤剤、保水剤、緩衝剤

• 効能

  利尿薬, 皮膚軟化薬, 角質溶解薬

• 製法

  炭酸のジアミド，カルバミン酸のアミドに相当する．ヒトやほかの動物の体内でタンパク質が分解する際に生成し，尿中に排出される(成人では30 g d－1)．植物にもわずかに存在する．クロロギ酸エステル，塩化カルバモイル，炭酸エステル，ホスゲンなどにアンモニアを作用させると生成する．工業的には，液体アンモニアと二酸化炭素を高圧(15.2～25.3 MPa)，高温(180～200 ℃)で反応させると得られる尿素．

• 主な用途／役割

  カゼイン系接着剤に可塑効果、老化防止効果、粘度調整効果がある。

• 商品名

  ウレパール (大塚製薬工場); ウレパール (大塚製薬工場); ケラチナミン (興和); パスタロン (佐藤製薬); パスタロン (佐藤製薬); 尿素 (小堺製薬)

• 使用上の注意

  やや潮解性がある。

• 説明

  Urea is a stable highly water-soluble compound of high nitrogen content (47%), with good storage properties that make it the most commonly used nitrogen fertilizer. The synthesis process has remained essentially unchanged since it was first developed by the BASF Corporation in 1922. In this process, liquid ammonia is reacted with carbon dioxide to produce ammonium carbamate, which is then dehydrated to form urea. The reactions are:
  2NH3 + CO2 ===? NH2·CO2·NH4
  NH2·CO2·NH4 ===? (NH2)2CO + H2O
  

• 化学的特性

  Urea,CO(HN2)2, also known as carbamide, is a white crystalline powder that has a melting point of l32.7 °C (270 °F). It is a natural product of animal protein metabolism and is the chief nitrogen constituent of urine. Commercially, urea is produced by the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is soluble in water, alcohol, and benzene.

• 天然物の起源

  The compound was discovered by Hilaire Rouelle in 1773 as a constituent of urine.

• 来歴

  Urea has the distinction of being the first synthesized organic compound. Until the mid-18th century, scientists believed organic compounds came only from live plants and animals. The first serious blow to the theory of vitalism, which marked the beginning of modern organic chemistry, occurred when Friedrich W?hler (1800 1882) synthesized urea from the two inorganic substances, lead cyanate and ammonium hydroxide: Pb(OCN)2 + 2NH4OH→2(NH2)2CO + Pb(OH)2. W?hler's discoveries on urea occurred while he was studying cyanates; he was attempting to synthesize ammonium cyanate when he discovered crystals of urea in his samples. He first prepared urea in 1824, but he did not identify this product and report his findings until 1828. W?hler's synthesis of urea signaled the birth of organic chemistry.

• 使用

  Urea is a physiological regulator of nitrogen excretion in mammals; synthesized in the liver as an end-product of protein catabolism and excreted in urine. Also occurs normally in skin. Emollient; diu retic.

• 調製方法

  Urea is an important industrial compound. The synthesis of urea was discovered in 1870.Commercial production of urea involves the reaction of carbon dioxide and ammonia at highpressure and temperature to produce ammonium carbamate. Ammonium carbamate is thendehydrated to produce urea (Figure 96.1). The reaction uses a molar ratio of ammonia tocarbon dioxide that is approximately 3:1 and is carried out at pressures of approximately 150atmospheres and temperatures of approximately 180°C.

• 定義

  A white crystalline compound made from ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is used in the manufacture of urea–formaldehyde (methanal) resins. Urea is the end product of metabolism in many animals and is present in urine.

• 適応症

  Urea-containing preparations have a softening and moisturizing effect on the stratum corneum and, at times, may provide good therapy for dry skin and the pruritus associated with it. They appear to have an antipruritic effect apart from their hydrating qualities. Urea compounds disrupt the normal hydrogen bonds of epidermal proteins; therefore, their effect in dry hyperkeratotic diseases such as ichthyosis vulgaris and psoriasis is not only to make the skin more pliable but also to help remove adherent scales. Lactic acid also has a softening and moisturizing effect on the stratum corneum.
  Urea 40% ointment may be useful in removing hypertrophic or dystrophic psoriatic nails. Subsequent topical therapy to the denuded nail bed and proximal nail fold may result in regrowth of ‘‘normal’’ nails in half of those treated.

• 生物学の機能

  The use of urea (Ureaphil, Urevert) has declined in recent years owing both to its disagreeable taste and to the increasing use of mannitol for the same purposes. When used to reduce cerebrospinal fluid pressure, urea is generally given by intravenous drip. Because of its potential to expand the extracellular fluid volume, urea is contraindicated in patients with severe impairment of renal, hepatic, or cardiac function or active intracranial bleeding.

• 一般的な説明

  Solid odorless white crystals or pellets. Density 1.335 g /cc. Noncombustible.

• 空気と水の反応

  Water soluble.

• 反応プロフィール

  Urea is a weak base. Reacts with hypochlorites to form nitrogen trichloride which explodes spontaneously in air [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63:3530-32]. Same is true for phosphorus pentachloride. Urea reacts with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Reacts with strong reducing agents to form flammable gases (hydrogen). The heating of improper stoichiometric amounts of Urea and sodium nitrite lead to an explosion. Heated mixtures of oxalic acid and Urea yielded rapid evolution of gases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and ammonia (if hot, can be explosive). Titanium tetrachloride and Urea slowly formed a complex during 6 weeks at 80°C., decomposed violently at 90°C., [Chem. Abs., 1966, 64, 9219b]. Urea ignites spontaneously on stirring with nitrosyl perchlorate, (due to the formation of the diazonium perchlorate). Oxalic acid and Urea react at high temperatures to form toxic and flammable ammonia and carbon monoxide gasses, and inert CO2 gas [Von Bentzinger, R. et al., Praxis Naturwiss. Chem., 1987, 36(8), 41-42].

• 健康ハザード

  May irritate eyes.

• 火災危険

  Behavior in Fire: Melts and decomposes, generating ammonia.

• 化学性质

  有機溶媒に不溶，塩基性条件下においては付加反応が優先する，強塩基性条件ではメチロール基間の縮合反応も起こり，オリゴマー化が進行する

• 农业用途

  Fertilizer, Fungicide: Used in fertilizers and animal feeds, as a fungicide, in the manufacture of resins and plastics, as a stabilizer in explosives and in medicines, and others. Urea is used to protect against frost and is used in some pesticides as an inert ingredient as a stabilizer, as an inhibitor and as an intensifier for herbicides. Registered for use in EU countries . Registered for use in the U.S.

• 製品名

  PRESPERSION, 75 UREA®; SUPERCEL 3000®; UREAPHIL®; UREOPHIL®; UREVERT®; VARIOFORM II®

• 安全性プロファイル

  Moderately toxic by intravenous and subcutaneous routes. Human reproductive effects by intraplacental route: ferthty effects. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. A human skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and neoplastigenic data. Reacts with sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite to form the explosive nitrogen trichloride. Incompatible with NaNO2, P2Cl5, nitrosyl perchlorate. Preparation of the 15N-labeled urea is hazardous. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

• 職業ばく露

  Urea is used in ceramics, cosmetics, paper processing; resins, adhesives, in animal feeds; in the manufacture of isocyanurates; resins, and plastics; as a stabilizer in explosives; in medicines; anticholelithogenic, and others.

• 環境運命予測

  Terrestrial Fate
  Urea is expected to have very high mobility in soil. Urea is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on its vapor pressure. Various field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that urea degrades rapidly in most soils. Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonium ions through soil urease activity, which produces volatile gases, that is, ammonia and carbon dioxide. However, the rate of hydrolysis can be much slower, depending on the soil type, moisture content, and urea formulation.
  Aquatic Fate
  Urea is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediments. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected. Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonia and carbon dioxide in environmental systems by the extracellular enzyme urease, which originates from microorganisms and plant roots.
  Atmospheric Fate
  According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, urea, which has a vapor pressure of 1.2×10^-5mm Hg at 251°C, will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase urea is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 9.6 days.

• 代謝

  The high analysis and good handling properties of urea have made it the leading nitrogen fertilizer, both as a source of nitrogen alone or when compounded with other materials in mixed fertilizers. Although an excellent source of nitrogen, urea can present problems unless properly managed; due to its rapid hydrolysis to ammonia, significant volatilization loss of this may occur if prilled or granular urea is applied to and left on the soil surface without timely incorporation. Mixtures of urea and ammonium nitrate for use in mixed fertilizers are also more highly hygroscopic than ammonium nitrate itself.

• 合成方法

  アンモニアと二酸化炭素からまずカルバミン酸アンモニウムを生成し，次いでカルバミン酸アンモニウムの脱水反応により尿素を生成する。

• 純化方法

  Crystallise urea twice from conductivity water using centrifugal drainage and keeping the temperature below 60o. The crystals are dried under vacuum at 55o for 6hours. Levy and Margouls [J Am Chem Soc 84 1345 1962] prepared a 9M solution in conductivity water (keeping the temperature below 25o) and, after filtering through a medium-porosity glass sinter, added an equal volume of absolute EtOH. The mixture was set aside at -27o for 2-3 days and filtered cold. The precipitate was washed with a small amount of EtOH and dried in air. Crystallisation from 70% EtOH between 40o and -9o has also been used. Ionic impurities such as ammonium isocyanate have been removed by treating the concentrated aqueous solution at 50o with Amberlite MB-1 cation-and anion-exchange resin, and allowing it to crystallise on evaporation. [Benesch et al. J Biol Chem 216 663 1955.] It can also be crystallised from MeOH or EtOH, and is dried under vacuum at room temperature. [Beilstein 3 H 42, 3 I 19, 3 II 35, 3 III 80.]

• 不和合性

  Violent reaction with strong oxidizers, chlorine, permanganates, dichromates, nitrites, inorganic chlorides; chlorites, and perchlorates. Contact with hypochlorites can result in the formation of explosive compounds.

• 廃棄物の処理

  Controlled incineration in equipment containing a scrubber or thermal unit to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.

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