シコニン

危険有害性情報のコード(GHS)

• 絵表示(GHS)

  

• 注意喚起語

  Warning

• 危険有害性情報

  H315：皮膚刺激

  H319：強い眼刺激

• 注意書き

  P264：取扱い後は皮膚をよく洗うこと。

  P264：取扱い後は手や顔をよく洗うこと。

  P280：保護手袋/保護衣/保護眼鏡/保護面を着用するこ と。

  P302+P352：皮膚に付着した場合：多量の水と石鹸で洗うこと。

  P305+P351+P338：眼に入った場合：水で数分間注意深く洗うこと。次にコ ンタクトレンズを着用していて容易に外せる場合は外す こと。その後も洗浄を続けること。

  P332+P313：皮膚刺激が生じた場合：医師の診断/手当てを受けるこ と。

  P337+P313：眼の刺激が続く場合：医師の診断/手当てを受けること。

シコニン 価格

シコニン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

• 外観

  赤紫色〜暗赤紫色, 結晶〜粉末

• 溶解性

  アセトンに溶ける。

• 解説

  シコニン，赤色の針状晶．融点147～149 ℃．[α]20600＋272°(エタノール)．λmax 275，485，516，555 nm(log ε 3.83，3.74，3.78，3.58．エタノール)．

  森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）
  

• 応用

  紫根(シコン)は生薬として解熱，解毒薬，軟膏として使われるほか，染料としてヨーロッパ，日本で古くから用いられていた．また，酒，化粧品，食品などの着色剤としても使用されている．植物によっては，はじめキノンの還元体として存在するために無色で，乾燥時にはじめて色づいてくるものもある．ヨーロッパ産ムラサキ科Alkanna tinctoriaの根に含まれているアルカンニン(alkannin)は，このシコニンの鏡像異性体である．

• 製造

  シコニン，秋田県，岩手県に産するムラサキソウLithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb．の根から得られる．

• 使用上の注意

  不活性ガス封入

• 説明

  Shikonin could be found in the plant of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et. Zucc and Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. It could also be produced using plant cell culture techniques. Shikonin is recorded in British Pharmacopoeia as a reference compound.
  Zicao, a traditional Chinese medicine firstly recorded in Shen Nong’s Herbal Classic, has long been used medically in history . Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Edition 2015) recorded the root of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst and Arnebia guttata Bge as Zicao, which is mainly used for inflammatory diseases such as macular eruptions, measles, sore throat, carbuncles, and burns.

• 化学的特性

  Purple-brown crystals with a needle-like shape, melting at 147 ° C, with a rotativity of αD20 = +135 ° (in benzene). It dissolves readily in phenethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, glycerol, animal and vegetable oils, and alkaline aqueous solutions, but is insoluble in water. Its color changes depending on the pH value: at pH 4-6, it turns red; at pH 8, it becomes purple; and at pH 10-12, it appears blue. It exhibits excellent resistance to light, heat, and oxidation, but is reactive to reducing agents, causing the formation of dark purple when exposed to iron ions. Additionally, Shikonin has certain antibacterial effect.

• 来歴

  Kuroda and Majima firstly identified acetyl shikonin from L. erythrorhizon in 1922 , followed by the discovery of other shikonin derivatives, including shikonin. The chemical structure of shikonin was not precisely identified till 1936 for its high physicochemical similarity with naphthazarin . There have been about 500 publications on shikonin up to now. Great attention has also been paid on the biosynthesis of shikonin and its derivatives, and an increasing number of shikonin derivatives have been designed and synthesized for exploring their antitumor effect. There are two types of derivatives: one is modifications of 1′-OH with parent nucleus naphthazarin remained and the other is modifications of both 1′-OH and parent nucleus naphthazarin, as shown in Fig. 3c, d .

• 使用

  Shikonin has been used as a red dye for centuries and is reported to possess medicinal properties such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. It occurs as an acetyl derivative in the Japanese shikone, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, another member of the Boraginaceae family. It is the (R)-optical isomer of alkannin. Tissue cultures of L. erythrorhizon are used in Japan to manufacture shikonin mainly for cosmetic use. Both alkannin and shikonin are mordant dyes producing violet to gray colors on fabrics. In Japan, shikonin was used to dye fabrics a color known as Tokyo Violet. Shikalkin the racemate, has been synthesized.

• 定義

  ChEBI: Shikonin is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. It is a naphthoquinone derivative with angiogenesis inhibitor properties.

• 一般的な説明

  Shikonin is a naturally occurring naphthoquinine isolated from the dried root of L. erythrorhizon, an herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. It increases glucose uptake by adipocytes and myocytes and inhibits the activity of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN; IC50 = 2.7 μM). It inhibits glycolysis in cancer cells by inhibiting tumor-specific pyruvate kinase M2 (IC50 = 0.3 μM). Shikonin induces cell death consistent with necroptosis in MCF-7 and HEK293 cancer cell lines. It inhibits leukocyte migration, downregulates chemokine receptor expression, and inhibits HIV-1 replication at nanomolar concentrations. Shikonin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, reducing joint swelling and cartilage destruction in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis.

• 薬理学

  Shikonin possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, cardiovascular protective,and antitumor activities.
  Shikonin reduces inflammation by inhibiting the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and thus reduces synthesis of inflammation-related active molecules, which selectively block chemokine binding to CC chemokine receptor 1 .
  Shikonin shows free radical scavenging and antioxidant (especially toward superoxide anion and DPPH) activities. It significantly inhibits autoxidation caused by β-carotene and linoleic acid . Its anti-HCV effects have been reported recently with an EC50 at 25 ng/mL, which is lower than that of ribavirin (2.6 μg/mL) .
  Recent studies also reveal shikonin possesses cardiovascular protective effects. Shikonin inhibits the activity of TNF-α promoter, revealing its transcriptional antagonism to pro-inflammatory cytokine . Shikonin also shows antitumor potentials by inducing apoptosis and/or necrosis, inhibiting DNA topoisomerase activity and angiogenesis, and regulating proliferative signaling pathways (including MAPK, VEGF, and PTKs ). In addition, shikonin circumvents cancer drug resistance by induction of necroptotic cell death .

• 臨床応用

  Shikonin and its derivatives have not been approved for clinical use yet. Studies are confined to cellular and animal experiments. Its original plant Zicao has a long history of medical use both orally and externally in China. Various dosage forms of Zicao, including tablets, injections, oils, creams, tinctures, plastics, and pastes, have been developed for different clinical applications especially in dermatology, gynecology, pediatrics, ophthalmology, and otorhinolaryngology. Among them, puccoon oil and lithospermum cream are the most widely used forms.

• 参考文献

  [1] Robert P Auber. “Hybrid de novo genome assembly of red gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon) reveals evolutionary insight into shikonin biosynthesis.” ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering (2020): 82.

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