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Chloral hydrate

CAS No.302-17-0
Chemical Name:Chloral hydrate
CBNumber:CB0198709
Molecular Formula:C2H3Cl3O2
Formula Weight:165.4
MOL File:302-17-0.mol

Chloral hydrate Property

Melting point 57 °C(lit.)
Boiling point 97 °C
Density 1.43 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor pressure 19.998hPa at 25℃
refractive index 1.4603 (estimate)
Flash point 16 °C
storage temp. 0-6°C
solubility Very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 per cent).
pka 10(at 25℃)
form A crystalline solid
Specific Gravity 1.91
PH 3.5-5.5 (20℃, 10%)
Water Solubility 660 g/100 mL
Merck 13,2080
BRN 1698497
Dielectric constant 5.5（15℃）
Stability Stable, but may be air or light sensitive. Incompatible with alcohols, cyanides, iodine, strong bases, carbonates.
InChIKey RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP 1.092 at 25℃
Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Chloral Hydrate (CASRN 302-17-0) in B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies)
Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Study of Chloral Hydrate (Ad Libitum and Dietary Controlled) (CASRN 302-17-0) in Male B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Study)
Indirect Additives used in Food Contact Substances CHLORAL HYDRATE
FDA 21 CFR 175.105; 176.180; 310.545
CAS DataBase Reference 302-17-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores 3-6
NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms oral
FDA UNII 418M5916WG
ATC code N05CC01
Proposition 65 List Chloral Hydrate
IARC 2A (Vol. 63, 84, 106) 2014
NIST Chemistry Reference Chloral hydrate(302-17-0)
EPA Substance Registry System Chloral hydrate (302-17-0)
UNSPSC Code 77101502
NACRES NA.77

Safety

Hazard Codes :T,F,Xn
Risk Statements :25-36/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11-36/37/38-36-20/21/22
Safety Statements :26-45-25-23-36/37-16-27
RIDADR :UN 3286 3/PG 2
WGK Germany :2
RTECS :FM8750000
HazardClass :6.1(b)
PackingGroup :III
HS Code :29055900
Hazardous Substances Data :302-17-0(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicity :LD50 oral in rat: 479mg/kg

NFPA 704:

	1
2		1

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)
Signal wordDanger
Hazard statements H301-H315-H319-H330-H373
Precautionary statements P260-P264-P302+P352-P304+P340+P310-P305+P351+P338-P314

Chloral hydrate Price More Price(2)

Brand: TCI Chemicals (India)
Product number: C0073
Product name : Chloral Hydrate
Purity:
Packaging: 25G
Price: ₹2100
Updated: 2022/05/26
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Brand: TCI Chemicals (India)
Product number: C0073
Product name : Chloral Hydrate
Purity:
Packaging: 500G
Price: ₹9900
Updated: 2022/05/26
Buy: Buy

Chloral hydrate Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Description Chloral hydrate is one of the oldest sedatives used for dental sedation. It was first synthesized in 1832 by Justus von Liebig and was the first synthetic central nervous system (CNS) depressant. It was used to treat delirium tremens, insomnia, and anxiety, although it is considered an unapproved drug by the US Food and Drug Administration. Initially considered to be a safer alternative to opium, it was noted to produce rapid unconsciousness when combined with ethanol. Physical dependence can occur with chronic use.
Chloral hydrate is classified as a sedative-hypnotic and is known to induce sleep in children. It has been very popular in pediatric dentistry since the mid-1950s. Chloral hydrate is rapidly absorbed following oral administration and is converted through its first pass in the liver to trichloroethanol，its active form. Trichloroethanol is conjugated in the liver and excreted in the urine. Like other agents that are metabolized in the liver, chloral hydrate may interact with other drugs, herbs, or foods resulting in clinically significant alterations of the agents (e.g.,warfarin).
Chemical Properties Chloral is a combustible, oily liquid with a pungent irritating odor.
Uses Chloral hydrate is used as an intermediate in the production of insecticides, herbicides and hypnotic drugs. It has also been widely used as a sedative or hypnotic drug in humans at oral doses of up to about 750-1000 mg/day. Chloral hydrate is used as a sedative hypnotic, more commonly in pediatrics. With the advent of newer sedative hypnotics, its use has significantly decreased. It is also a drug of abuse, particularly in combination with ethanol to produce an amnestic effect in an individual who ingests it unknowingly.
Uses Trichloroacetaldehyde Hydrate is a useful chemical reagent used as a sedative/hypnotic agent for the short-term treatment of insomnia. First developed in 1832, chloral hydrate is the oldest sleep medication still in use today. This medication is also used to calm you just before surgery or other procedures. It works by affecting certain parts of the brain to cause calmness.
Studies have shown that when used in pediatric sedation side effects such as hallucination, excessive sleep and seizures were observed. Drowsiness and trouble waking up in the morning, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, and headache may occur. Stomach problems can be reduced by taking chloral hydrate with a full glass of water. It is sometimes administered to patients being treated with cyclophosphamide and it is known to inhibit some aldehyde dehydrogenases.
Besides, Chloral hydrate is a starting point for the synthesis of other organic compounds. It is the starting material for the production of chloral, which is produced by the distillation of a mixture of chloral hydrate and sulfuric acid, which serves as the desiccant.
Definition ChEBI: Chloral hydrate is an organochlorine compound that is the hydrate of trichloroacetaldehyde. It has a role as a sedative, a general anaesthetic, a mouse metabolite and a xenobiotic. It is an organochlorine compound, an aldehyde hydrate and an ethanediol.
Biological Functions Chloral hydrate (Noctec, Somnos) was developed in the late 1800s and is still used as a sedative–hypnotic agent. It is a hydrated aldehyde with a disagreeable smell and taste that is rapidly reduced in vivo to trichloroethanol, which is considered to be the active metabolite. It produces a high incidence of gastric irritation and allergic responses, occasionally causes cardiac arrhythmias, and is unreliable in patients with liver damage.
General Description Chloral hydrate, trichloroacetaldehydemonohydrate, CCl₃CH(OH)₂ (Noctec), is analdehyde hydrate stable enough to be isolated. The relativestability of this gem-diol is largely a result of an unfavorabledipole–dipole repulsion between the trichloromethyl carbonand the carbonyl carbon present in the parent carbonylcompound.
Chloral hydrate is unstable in alkaline solutions, undergoingthe last step of the haloform reaction to yield chloroformand formate ion. In hydroalcoholic solutions, it formsthe hemiacetal with ethanol. Whether or not this compoundis the basis for the notorious and potentially lethal effect of the combination of ethanol and chloral hydrate (the “MickeyFinn”) is controversial. Synergism between two differentCNS depressants also could be involved. Additionally,ethanol, by increasing the concentration of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NADH), enhances the reduction ofchloral to the more active metabolite trichloroethanol, andchloral can inhibit the metabolism of alcohol because it inhibitsalcohol dehydrogenase. Chloral hydrate is a weak acidbecause its CCl₃ group is very strong electron withdrawing.A 10% aqueous solution of chloral hydrate has pH 3.5 to4.4, which makes it irritating to mucous membranes in thestomach. As a result, GI upset commonly occurs for thedrug if undiluted or taken on an empty stomach. Chloral hydrateas a capsule, syrup, or suppository is currently available.
Air & Water Reactions Water soluble.
Reactivity Profile Chloral hydrate is incompatible with alkalis, alkaline earth metals, alkali carbonates and soluble barbiturates. Chloral hydrate is decomposed by sodium hydroxide. Chloral hydrate reduces ammoniacal silver nitrate. Chloral hydrate liquefies when triturated with an equal quantity of menthol, camphor or thymol. . Reaction of Chloral hydrate with hydroxylamine produces toxic hydrogen cyanide gas, Org. Synth., 1941, Vol. 1, 377.
Hazard Overdose toxic, hypnotic drug, dangerous to eyes. Probable carcinogen.
Fire Hazard Flash point data for Chloral hydrate are not available; however, Chloral hydrate is probably combustible.
Flammability and Explosibility Non flammable
reaction suitability reagent type: cross-linking reagent
Biochem/physiol Actions Chloral hydrate is a sedative/hypnotic.
Clinical Use Although it is suggested that chloral hydrate per semay act as a hypnotic,chloral hydrate is very quickly convertedto trichloroethanol, which is generally assumed toaccount for almost all of the hypnotic effect. Thetrichloroethanol is metabolized by oxidation to chloral andthen to the inactive metabolite, trichloracetic acid, which is also extensively metabolized to acylglucuronidesvia conjugation with glucuronic acid. It appears tohave potent barbiturate-like binding to GABA_Areceptors.Although an old drug, it still finds use as a sedative in nonoperatingroom procedures for the pediatric patient.
Safety Profile A human poison by ingestion and possibly other routes. Poison experimentally by ingestion, intravenous, and rectal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous, parenteral, and intraperitoneal routes, Experimental reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: general anesthetic, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure depression, eye effects, coma, pulse rate increase, arrhythmias. Human mutation data reported. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data by skin contact. A sedative, anesthetic, and narcotic. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-.
Synthesis Chloral hydrate, 2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-ethandiol (4.3.1), is synthesized either by chlorination of ethanol or chlorination of acetaldehyde and the subsequent addition of water molecules to the resulting trichloroacetic aldehyde [31].
Potential Exposure Chloral is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of such pesticides as DDT, methoxychlor, DDVP, naled, trichlorfon, and TCA. Chloral is also used in the production of chloral hydrate; used as a therapeutic agent with hypnotic, sedative, and narcotic effects; used in a time prior to the introduction of barbiturates
Drug interactions Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Anticoagulants: may transiently enhance effect of coumarins.
Antipsychotics: enhanced sedative effects.
Antivirals: concentration possibly increased by ritonavir.
Carcinogenicity Chloral hydrate has not been adequately tested for teratogenicity, reproductive effects, or chronic toxicity. Similarly, no histological evaluations have been conducted.
Environmental Fate Chloral hydrate is a CNS depressant, but its mechanism of action is not well known. Coingestion with ethanol produces enhanced effects by several mechanisms. First, ethanol competes for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which then prolongs the half-life of ethanol. The metabolism of ethanol generates the reduced form of NADH, which is a cofactor for the metabolism of chloral hydrate to its active metabolite trichloroethanol. Finally, ethanol inhibits the conjugation of trichloroethanol to its inactive form urochloralic acid. This results in enhanced CNS depression.
Metabolism Chloral hydrate is rapidly metabolised to trichloroethanol (the active metabolite) and trichloroacetic acid in the erythrocytes, liver, and other tissues. It is excreted partly in the urine as trichloroethanol and its glucuronide (urochloralic acid) and as trichloroacetic acid. Some is also excreted in the bile.
Shipping UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.
Toxicity evaluation Chloral hydrate has been detected at 5 mg l^-1 in the US drinking water supply. Although chloral hydrate does not exist naturally, it can be produced as a by-product of chlorination of water at water treatment facilities, specifically in exposed water with high amounts of humic and fulvic substances.
Incompatibilities Chloral hydrate reacts with strong bases forming chloroform. Contact with acids, or exposure to light may cause polymerization. Reacts with water, forming chloral hydrate. Reacts with oxidizers, with a risk of fire or explosions.
Waste Disposal Incineration after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be taken to assure complete combustion to prevent phosgene formation; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.