Description
Ethyl bromide is a colorless to yellow liquid that becomes a gas
at temperatures above 101 °F (38 ℃). Ethyl bromide has an
etherlike odor and a burning taste. Ethyl bromide is miscible
with alcohols, ether, chloroform, and organic solvents; its water
solubility is 9000 mg l-1 at 25 ℃. Ethyl bromide’s vapor
density relative to air is 3.76.
Chemical Properties
Bromoethane is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid. When exposed to air and light, it turns yellow. It has an ethereal odor and somewhat burning taste. Bromoethane has a specific gravity of 1.4505 between 4° and 25°C, a boiling point of 38.4°C, a melting point of -119°C, and a vapor pressure of 475 mm mercury at 25°C. It is 0.91% (w/w) soluble in water at 20°C and is miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, chloroform, and other organic solvents. It has a flash point of -20°C (closed cup). The autoignition temperature is 511°C. The flammable limits in air are between 6.7570 and 11.25%. Although bromoethane is relatively stable, when heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of bromine and hydrobromide; it can react with oxidizing materials (ITII, 1979; Sittig, 1979; Torkelson and Rowe, 1981; Merck, 1983; Sax, 1984).
Chemical Properties
Ethyl bromide is a colorless liquid (turns yellow on contact with air) with an ethereal odor and a burning taste. A gas above the boiling point.
Physical properties
Clear, colorless to yellow, volatile liquid with an ether-like odor. Odor threshold concentration is
3.1 ppm (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983).
Uses
Bromoethane is an alkylating agent primarily used as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis, in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, and for the ethylation of gasoline. To a lesser extent, it has been used as a fruit and grain fumigant, refrigerant, and solvent. Although proposed occasionally as a general anesthetic in the earlier part of this century, it has not been used to any extent for this purpose (Sayers et al., 1929; Abreu et al., 1939; ITII, 1979; Sittig, 1979; Torkelson and Rowe, 1981;Merck, 1983).
Uses
Ethyl bromide is used as a refrigerant and asan ethylating agent. It was formerly used asa topical anesthetic.
Definition
ChEBI: Bromoethane is a bromoalkane that is ethane carrying a bromo substituent. It is an alkylating agent used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent, a solvent, a refrigerant, a local anaesthetic and an alkylating agent. It is a bromoalkane, a bromohydrocarbon and a volatile organic compound.
Preparation
Bromoethane is produced by the reaction of either hydrogen or potassium bromide with cold ethanol or with ethylene and sulfuric acid (Hawley, 1977; Sittig, 1979; Merck, 1983). It is commercially available at greater than 99% purity. Production from two U.S. manufacturers was estimated at 163.5 million pounds in 1986 (CSITC, 1987); no recent import and export information was available in the literature.
General Description
A colorless volatile liquid. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Flash point below 0°F. Vapors are heavier than air. Toxic by inhalation. Irritates skin and eyes. Used to make pharmaceuticals and as a solvent.
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water and denser than water. Turns yellow on exposure to air and light.
Reactivity Profile
Bromoethane will react with steam to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. Bromoethane can react vigorously with oxidizers. Bromoethane reacts with strong bases. Bromoethane also reacts with chemically active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc and magnesium. Bromoethane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings.
Hazard
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin
absorption; strong irritant. Questionable carcinogen. Flammable, dangerous fire hazard, explosion
limits in air 6–11%.
Health Hazard
Ethyl bromide is a depressant of the centralnervous system, causing narcosis. The healthhazard is greater than with ethyl chloride.In addition to the narcotic effects that occurat exposure to high concentrations, othertoxic symptoms include irritation of the eyesand respiratory tract, pulmonary edema, fattydegeneration of the liver and renal tissue, anddamage to the liver, kidney, and intestine. A15-minute exposure to a 15% concentrationof vapor in air was lethal to rats. The oralLD50 value in rats is 1350 mg (NIOSH 1986).
Fire Hazard
HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.
Safety Profile
Confirmed carcinogen.
Moderately toxic by ingestion and
intraperitoneal routes. Mddly toxic by
inhalation. An eye and skin irritant.
Physiologically, it is an anesthetic and
narcotic. Its vapors are markedly irritating to
the lungs on inhalation for even short
periods. It can produce acute congestion
and edema. Liver and ludney damage in
humans has been reported. It is much less
toxic than methyl bromide, but more toxic
than ethyl chloride. It is a preparative
hazard. Dangerously flammable by heat,
open flame (sparks), oxidizers. Moderately
explosive when exposed to flame. Reacts
with water or steam to produce toxic and
corrosive fumes. Vigorous reaction with
oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use CO2,
dry chemical. Ready decomposes when
heated to emit toxic fumes of Br-. See also
BROMIDES.
Potential Exposure
This chemical is used as an industrial
chemical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary drug; as an ethylating agent in organic synthesis and gasoline; as a refrigerant; and as an extraction solvent. It has limited use as a
local anesthetic
First aid
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contactsthe skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove fromexposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing hasstopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transferpromptly to a medical facility. When this chemical hasbeen swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit
Carcinogenicity
This chemical is considered to
be an animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.
There is no EPA (IRIS) file.
In the lifetime carcinogenic/toxicology study, groups
of rats and mice were exposed 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 104
weeks to 0, 100, 200, or 400 ppm by inhalation. Survival of
rats was unaffected or in the case of the 100 ppm female rats
was significantly above the control group. Body weights
were also unaffected.
Likewise survival of mice was little affected by exposure
except for a decrease in survival at 400 ppm in female mice,
which also had body weights 6–16% lower than controls after
29 weeks. No clinical signs were apparent in any group, but
at autopsy there was evidence of respiratory irritation at
400 ppm. It was concluded that there was clear evidence
of an increase in neoplasms (endometrial adenomas,adenocarcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas) in the uteri
of female mice. The tumors contributed to the decreased
survival of the female mice exposed to 400 ppm. The terminal
rats of uterine tumors were 0, 3, 14, and 61% in the 0, 100,
200, and 400 ppm groups.
There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity in
the lungs of male mice, and a marginally increased incidence
of neoplasms in the brain and lungs of female rats. Male
rats were considered to have some evidence of a slightly
increased incidence of tumors in the adrenals, brain, and
lungs. Although there was a clear dose–response relationship
in female mice, the dose response in male mice and rats of
both sexes was not as clear.
storage
Color Code—Blue: Health Hazard/Poison: Storein a secure poison location. Prior to working with thischemical you should be trained on its proper handling andstorage. Before entering confined space where this chemicalmay be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in an explosion-proof refrigerator under an inert atmosphere and protect from light.Keep away from incompatible materials listed above.Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums orother storage containers to process containers
Shipping
UN1891 Ethyl bromide, Hazard Class: 6.1;
Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
Purification Methods
The main impurities are usually EtOH and water, both of which form azeotropes with it. Ethanol and unsaturated compounds can be removed by washing with conc H2SO4 until no further coloration is produced. The ethyl bromide is then washed with water, aqueous Na2CO3, and water again, then dried with CaCl2, MgSO4 or CaH2, and distilled from P2O5. Olefinic impurities can also be removed by storing the ethyl bromide in daylight with elemental bromine, later removing the free bromine by extraction with dilute aqueous Na2SO3, drying the ethyl bromide with CaCl2 and fractionally distilling it. Alternatively, unsaturated compounds can be removed by bubbling oxygen containing ca 5% ozone through the liquid for an hour, then washing with aqueous Na2SO3 to hydrolyse ozonides and remove hydrolysis products, followed by drying and distillation. [Beilstein 1 IV 150.]
Toxicity evaluation
Ethyl bromide is an irritant to mucous membranes, is a central
nervous system depressant, and causes histopathological
changes in the liver, renal tissue, and heart.
Incompatibilities
May form explosive mixture with air.
Hydrolyzes in water, forming hydrogen bromide (HBr).
Oxidizers may cause fire or explosions. Fire and explosions
may be caused by contact with chemically active metals:
aluminum, magnesium or zinc powders; lithium, potassium,
sodium. Attacks some plastic, rubber and coatings. Note:
Chlorinating agents destroy nitrogen mustards. Dry chlorinated lime and chloramines with a high content of active
chlorine, vigorously chlorinate nitrogen mustards to the carbon chain, giving low toxicity products. In the presence of
water this interaction proceeds less actively. They are rapidly oxidized by peracids in aqueous solution at weakly
alkaline pH. In acid solution the oxidation is much slower
Waste Disposal
Controlled incineration with
adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.
