Chemical properties
Isoamyl acetate appears as colorless transparent liquid with pleasant banana aroma, being volatile. It is miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene, carbon disulfide and other organic solvents, being almost insoluble in water.
Uses
1. It is widely used to configure a variety of fruit flavors, such as Sydney, banana and some other types. There is also some appropriate application in the smoke and daily make-up essence is also appropriate application.
2. It can be used in the fragrance of heavy flowers such as chypre, sweet-scented osmanthus, hyacinth and heavy oriental flavor, being able to give the fragrance of fresh flower and adjust the fragrance odor with the dosage being often less than 1%. It is also applicable to the smiling flower type. It is also the major spices for the deployment of edible raw pear and banana flavor. It is also used in apple, pineapple, cocoa, cherry, grape, raspberry, strawberry, peach, caramel, cola, cream, coconut and vanilla bean. Also commonly used in wine and tobacco flavor.
3. Isoamyl acetate is a kind of edible fragrance allowed in China. It can be used to prepare fruit flavors such as strawberry, pineapple, bayberry, pear, apple, grape and banana. The dosage is 2700mg/kg in normal chewing gum. 190 mg/kg in confectionery; 120 mg/kg in pastry; 56 mg/kg in ice cream; 28 mg/kg in soft drinks.
4. Isoamyl acetate is an important solvent, being able to dissolve nitrocellulose, ester gum, vinyl resin, coumarone resin, rosin, frankincense, dama resin, mountain resin and castor oil. In Japan, 80% of the goods are used as spices, having a strong fruit flavor, like pears, bananas, apples and other fragrance. It is widely used in a variety of edible fruit flavor. In the smoke spice and daily cosmetic spice, there is also appropriate application. It is also used in rayon, dyes, artificial pearls, penicillin extraction and so on.
5. GB 2760~96 provides it as allowable food flavors. It can also be taken as a solvent, being the major raw material for the preparation of pear and banana flavor. It is commonly used in alcohol and tobacco flavor, also used in the preparation of apples, pineapple, cocoa, cherries, grapes, strawberries, peaches, butter, coconut and other fragrance preparation.
6. It can be used as chromatographic standard substance, extraction agent and solvent
7. It can be taken as solvent, for chromium determination, photography, printing and dyeing and the extraction agent of iron, cobalt and nickel.
Production method
Isoamyl acetate is obtained through the esterification between the acetate with the isoamyl alcohol separated from the fusel oil under the catalysis of sulfuric acid.
It is derived from the esterification between acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol. In the mixture of acetic acid and amyl alcohol, add sulfuric acid for esterification reaction, followed by neutralization with sodium carbonate (or caustic soda) with further calcium chloride dehydration to obtain the crude ester, and then refined by distillation to derive the finished products.
Isoamyl acetate is presented in bananas and cocoa beans and is commercially manufactured using pentanol separated from fusel oil as raw materials. Isoamyl alcohol and sulfuric acid have been added to glacial acetic acid for heating reflux reaction. When the temperature of the top of the column reached 132 °C, the esterification was complete. After cooling, wash with water, and neutralize with 10% NaOH solution and then washed with water to neutral, and finally dried with anhydrous calcium chloride after distillation, collecting 138~143 ° C fractions, being the product.
CH3COOH (CH3) 2CHCH2CH2OH [H2SO4] → CH3COOCH2CH2CH (CH3) 2 + H2O
Content analysis
This was determined by the method I in the ester assay (OT-18). The amount of sample taken was 800 mg. The equivalent factor (e) in the calculation is 65.10.
Alternatively, apply the non-polar column in the gas chromatography (GT-10-4) for measurement;
Toxicity
ADI 0 to 3.7 (FAO/WHO, 1994);
LD5016.6 g/kg (rat, oral);
Usage limit
FEMA (mg/kg): soft drinks 28; cold drinks 56; candy 190; baked goods 120; pudding 100; take appropriate amount as limit (FDA § 172.515, 2000);
Hazards & Safety Information
Category: Flammable liquids
Toxicity classification: Low toxicity
Acute Toxicity: Oral-Rat LD50: 16600 mg/kg
EXPLOSIVES HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS: it is explosive if its vapors are blended with air
Flammability and Hazardous characteristics: it is easily flammable with burning releasing irritant smoke
Storage and transportation characteristics: Treasury: ventilated, low temperature and dry; store and transport it separately from oxidant.
Extinguishing agent: dry powder, carbon dioxide, foam, mist water
Occupational Standard: TWA 525 mg/m3; STEL 650 mg/m3
Description
In commercial practice amyl invariably means isoamyl, unless it
is prefaced by the n- for normal. Isoamyl acetate has a powerful,
fruity odor with a bittersweet taste reminiscent of pear. If impure,
the odor is strong, penetrating, and almost shocking. Usually prepared by esterification of commercial isoamyl alcohol with acetic
acid.
Chemical Properties
Isoamyl Acetate is a strongly fruity-smelling liquid and has been identified in many fruit aromas. It is the main component of banana aroma and is, therefore, also used in banana flavors.
All isomers of amyl acetate are highly flammable, colorless to yellow, watery liquids.
Isoamyl acetate has a fruity, banana, sweet, fragrant, powerful odor with a bittersweet taste reminiscent of pear. If impure, the odor is strong, penetrating and almost shocking. In commercial practice, amyl invariably means isoamyl.
Physical properties
Clear, colorless liquid with a banana or pear-like odor. Odor threshold concentration is 7 ppm
(quoted, Keith and Walters, 1992). A detection odor threshold concentration of 18 μg/m
3 (3.4
ppbv) was determined by Katz and Talbert (1930).
Occurrence
Reported to be found in a number of naturally occurring products, including apple, banana, cocoa bean, coffee, cognac, grape, peach, pear, pineapple and strawberry
Uses
Sting pheromone of the honeybee.1
Uses
Isoamyl acetate is used to impart pear flavorto mineral waters and syrups, in perfumes, inthe manufacture of artificial silk or leather, inphotographic films, in dyeing textiles, and asa solvent.
Uses
banana oil is a carrier oil. The banana family is of more interest for its nutritional value rather than for its botanical properties. The use of plantain juice as an antidote for snake bites has been reported in parts of Southeast Asia since 1916.
Uses
In alcohol solution as a pear flavor in mineral waters and syrups; as solvent for old oil colors, for tannins, nitrocellulose, lacquers, celluloid, and camphor; swelling bath sponges; covering unpleasant odors, perfuming shoe polish; manufacture of artificial silk, leather or pearls, photographic films, celluloid cements, waterproof varnishes, bronzing liquids, and metallic paints; dyeing and finishing textiles. A special grade of the amyl acetate has been used for burning in the Hefner lamp serving as a photometric standard.
Definition
ChEBI: The acetate ester of isoamylol.
Preparation
By the esterification of commercial isoamyl alcohol with acetic acid
Production Methods
The commerical-grade isoamyl acetate is prepared by the
esterification of amyl alcohol (often fusel oil) with acetic acid
and a small amount of sulfuric acid as the catalyst .
Taste threshold values
FEMA PADI: 24.491 mg
General Description
Oily liquid; colorless; banana odor. Floats and mixes with water. Flammable, irritating vapor is produced .
Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
Isoamyl acetate is an ester. Esters react with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Heat is also generated by the interaction of esters with caustic solutions. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing esters with alkali metals and hydrides. Isoamyl acetate can react violently with oxidizing materials, nitrates, strong alkalis and strong acids.
Hazard
Flammable, moderate fire risk. Irritant.
Explosive limits in air 1–7.5%.
Health Hazard
Isoamyl acetate exhibits low toxicity; thetoxic effects are comparable to those of n amyl acetate. The toxic symptoms includeirritation of the eyes, nose, and throat;fatigue; increased pulse rate; and narcosis.Inhalation of its vapors at 1000 ppm for30 minutes may cause irritation, fatigue, andrespiratory distress in humans. It is more narcotic than are the lower acetic esters. TheLD50 value in rabbits is on the order of7000 mg/kg.
Fire Hazard
FLAMMABLE. Flashback along vapor trail may occur. Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area. When heated emits acrid fumes. When exposed to flames can react vigorously with reducing materials.
Flammability and Explosibility
Flammable
Potential Exposure
(n-isomer): Primary irritant (w/o allergic
reaction), (sec-isomer) Human Data. Amyl acetates are
used as industrial solvents and in the manufacturing and
dry-cleaning industry; making artificial fruit-flavoring
agents; cements, coated papers, lacquers; in medications
as an inflammatory agent; pet repellents, insecticides and
miticide. Many other uses.
Carcinogenicity
Not listed by ACGIH, California
Proposition 65, IARC, NTP, or OSHA.
Source
Identified among 139 volatile compounds identified in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var.
reticulates cv. Sol Real) using an automated rapid headspace solid phase microextraction method
(Beaulieu and Grimm, 2001).
Environmental Fate
Chemical/Physical. Slowly hydrolyzes in water forming 3-methyl-1-butanol and acetic acid.
Shipping
UN1993 Flammable liquids, n.o.s., Hazard
Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid, Technical Name
Required.
Purification Methods
Dry the acetate with finely divided K2CO3 and fractionally distil it. [Beilstein 2 IV 157.]
Incompatibilities
Vapors may form explosive mixture with
air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides,
permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine,
etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep
away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids,
oxoacids, epoxides, nitrates. May soften certain plastics.
Waste Disposal
Dissolve or mix the material
with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator
equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal,
state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.
In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for
the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be
disposed properly by following package label directions or
by contacting your local or federal environmental control
agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office.
