Venlafaxine

Synthesis

To a suspension of Mg (0.114 g, 4.75 mmol) in THF (2 ml) a solution of dibromopentane 66 (0.536 g, 2.33 mmol) in THF (2 ml) was added drop-wise at 0-5 ºC. After addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 1.5 hours. Again, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0-5 ºC and a solution of amino ester 39 (0.45 g, 1.79 mmol) in THF (5 ml) was added to it drop-wise. After the addition, the reaction mixture was first allowed to come to room temperature within 0.5 hour and then refluxed for 3.5 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool and 50% aq. NaOH solution was added to the reaction mixture (pH = 12), extracted with ethyl acetate (50 ml x 2), washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (5% MeOH in CHCl3) to furnish venlafaxine 14 as a colourless solid (0.25 g).

Chemical Properties

White Solid

History

Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) with a history dating back to the 1980s, developed by a research team at Wyeth Pharmaceuticals. The discovery of this compound was based on ongoing research into novel antidepressants, aiming to provide a drug with a dual mechanism of action to improve efficacy in patients who do not respond well to traditional selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Key chemists and pharmacologists involved in the synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of the compound included John P. Yardley, G. E. Morris Husbands, and Eric A. Muth, among others. Their research ultimately led to the development of venlafaxine, a compound that demonstrated effective inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine transporters in in vitro experiments.An immediate-release formulation of venlafaxine (IR), marketed as Effexor, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 for the treatment of major depressive disorder. This marked the first clinical application of an SNRI antidepressant. Subsequently, in order to improve patient compliance and reduce the side effects caused by peak drug concentration, Wyeth continued to develop an extended-release formulation (ER), marketed as Effexor XR, which was approved by the FDA in 1997. The launch of Effexor XR further solidified venlafaxine's position in the treatment of depression. Over time, the indications for venlafaxine have also expanded to include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder.

Uses

A optically active version of Venlafaxine, a selective serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Used as an antidepressant

Uses

A selective serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Used as an antidepressant.

Uses

antidepressant;serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Definition

ChEBI: A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.

brand name

Effexor (Wyeth).

Biological Functions

Venlafaxine (Effexor) inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine at their respective presynaptic sites.This drug does not have significant effects at muscarinic, histamine, or α-adrenergic receptors and therefore is devoid of many of the side effects associated with the TCAs.Venlafaxine and its active metabolite O-desmethyl-venlafaxine, have half lives of 5 and 11 hours respectively, so dosing twice a day is necessary. However, an extended release preparation (Effexor XR) now allows for once-daily dosing and better tolerance. Venlafaxine has a side effect profile similar to that of the SSRIs. Higher doses of venlafaxine result in modest increases in blood pressure in approximately 5% of patients.Venlafaxine has minimal effects on the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.

General Description

The structure and activity of venlafaxine (Effexor) are in accordwith the general SARs for the group. As expected, it isan effective antidepressant. Venlafaxine is a serotonin–norepinephrinereuptake inhibitor (SNRI).

Pharmaceutical Applications

Venlafaxine is a serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and is used as an antidepressant. Compared to tricyclic antidepressants, it lacks the antimuscarinic and sedative side effects. Nevertheless, treatment with venlafaxine can lead to a higher risk of withdrawal symptoms.

Mechanism of action

Venlafaxine and its active metabolite, O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODV), have dual mechanisms of action, with preferential affinity for 5-HT reuptake and weak inhibition of NE and dopamine reuptake. Venlafaxine is approximately 30 times more potent as an inhibitor of SERT than of NET. Because of the 30 times difference in transporter affinities, increasing the dose of venlafaxine from 75 to 375 mg/day can sequentially inhibit SERT and NERT . Thus, venlafaxine displays an ascending dose-dependent antidepressant response in contrast to the flat dose–antidepressant response curve observed with the SSRIs. This sequential action for venlafaxine also is consistent with its dose-dependent adverse-effect profile. Its mechanism of action is similar to imipramine.
Venlafaxine is rapidly and well absorbed, but with a bioavailability of 45%, which has been attributed to first-pass metabolism. Food delays its absorption but does not impair the extent of absorption. Venlafaxine is distributed into breast milk. Venlafaxine is primarily metabolized in the liver by CYP2D6 to its primary metabolite, ODV, which is approximately equivalent in pharmacological activity and potency to venlafaxine. In vitro studies indicate that CYP3A4 also is involved in the metabolism of venlafaxine to its minor and less active metabolite, N-desmethylvenlafaxine. Protein binding for venlafaxine and ODV is low and is not a problem for drug interactions. In patients with hepatic impairment, elimination half-lives were increased by approximately 30% for venlafaxine and approximately 60% for ODV. In patients with renal function impairment, elimination half-lives were increased by approximately 40 to 50% for venlafaxine and for ODV. At steady-state doses, venlafaxine and ODV exhibit dose-proportional linear pharmacokinetics over the dose range of 75 to 450 mg/day. Steady-state concentrations of venlafaxine and ODV are attained within 3 days with regular oral dosing. Venlafaxine and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine (87%).

Clinical Use

Venlafaxine is a methoxyphenylethylamine antidepressant that resembles an open TCA with one of the aromatic rings replaced by a cyclohexanol ring and a dimethylaminomethyl group rather than a dimethylaminopropyl chain.

Side effects

The potential for cardiotoxicity with venlafaxine during normal use and for various toxicities in overdose situations are key concerns. Venlafaxine displays minimal in vitro affinity for the other neural neurotransmitter receptors and, thus, a low probability for adverse effects. To minimize GI upset (e.g., nausea), venlafaxine can be taken with food without affecting its GI absorption. Venlafaxine should be administered as a single daily dose with food at approximately the same time each day. The extended-release capsules should be swallowed whole with fluid and should not be divided, crushed, chewed, or placed in water.
Whenever venlafaxine is being discontinued after more than 1 week of therapy, it generally is recommended that the patient be closely monitored and the dosage of the drug be tapered gradually to reduce the risk of withdrawal symptoms.
Although venlafaxine is a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, variability has been observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of venlafaxine in patients with hepatic or renal function impairment. As a precaution, elderly patients taking venlafaxine concurrently with a drug that has a narrow therapeutic index and also is metabolized by CYP2D6 should be carefully monitored. Concurrent use of CYP3A4 inhibitors with venlafaxine has been shown to interfere with its metabolism and clearance. Similar to the other antidepressants that block 5-HT reuptake, venlafaxine may interact pharmacodynamically to cause toxic levels of 5-HT to accumulate, leading to the 5-HT syndrome.

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Analgesics: increased risk of bleeding with aspirin and NSAIDs; possibly increased serotonergic effects with tramadol.
Anti-arrhythmics: risk of ventricular arrhythmias with amiodarone - avoid.
Antibacterials: risk of ventricular arrhythmias with erythromycin, moxifloxacin - avoid.
Anticoagulants: effects of warfarin possibly enhanced; possibly increased risk of bleeding with dabigatran.
Antidepressants: avoid with MAOIs and moclobemide (increased risk of toxicity); possibly enhanced serotonergic effects with duloxetine, mirtazapine and St John’s wort; possible increased risk of convulsions with vortioxetine - avoid.
Antimalarials: avoid concomitant use with artemether/lumefantrine and piperaquine with artenimol.
Antipsychotics: increases concentration of clozapine and haloperidol.
Beta-blockers: risk of ventricular arrhythmias with sotalol - avoid.
Dapoxetine: possible increased risk of serotonergic effects - avoid.
Dopaminergics: use entacapone with caution; increased risk of hypertension and CNS excitation with selegiline - avoid concomitant use.
Methylthioninium: risk of CNS toxicity - avoid if possible.

Metabolism

Venlafaxine undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver mainly to the active metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine; this is mediated by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6. The isoenzyme CYP3A4 is also involved in the metabolism of venlafaxine. Other metabolites include N-desmethylvenlafaxine and N,Odidesmethylvenlafaxine. Peak plasma concentrations of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine occur about 2 and 4 hours after a dose, respectively.
The majority of venlafaxine is excreted in the urine, mainly in the form of its metabolites, either free or in conjugated form.