Uses
Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate has been used as a protein kinase C (PKC) activator to study its effects on human organic anion transporter 4 (hOAT4) activity. It has also been used as a PKC activator to analyze its effects on galectin-3 expression and matrix production in HL-1 cells.
Definition
ChEBI: Phorbol 12,13-dibutanoate is a phorbol ester, a butyrate ester and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone.
Reactivity Profile
PHORBOL 12,13-DIBUTYRATE may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to air, light and ambient temperatures. PHORBOL 12,13-DIBUTYRATE may also be subject to autooxidation.
Fire Hazard
The flash point of PHORBOL 12,13-DIBUTYRATE has not been determined, but PHORBOL 12,13-DIBUTYRATE is probably combustible.
Biological Activity
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, a phorbol ester, is an activator of pkc, including the conventional calcium-dependent subtypes (α and γ), the nonconventional calcium-independent isoforms (δ, ε, η), as well as the atypical calcium-independent and dag or phorbol ester-unresponsive subtype (ζ). pkc plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes such as exocytosis, gene expression, cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as tumor promotion, thereby representing the major target for tumor-promoting phorbol esters and chemically unrelated tumor promoters. phorbol esters are able to replace the endogenous activator dag in the stimulation of pkc, and participate in the multistage process of tumor formation and progression.1. geiges d, meyer t, marte b, et al. activation of protein kinase c subtypes alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta by tumor-promoting and nontumor-promoting agents. biochemical pharmacology, 1997, 53(6): 865-875.2. middleton jp, khan wa, collinsworth g, et al. heterogeneity of protein kinase c-mediated rapid regulation of na/k-atpase in kidney epithelial cells. journal of biological chemistry, 1993, 268(21): 15958-15964.3. scribner jd, boutwell rk. inflammation and tumor promotion: selective protein induction in mouse skin by tumor promoters. european journal of cancer, 1972, 8(6): 617-621.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) is a potent activator of protein kinase C (PKC). It is more hydrophilic than phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which facilitates washing PDBu out of cells in tissue culture. PDBu activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which in turn correlates with PKC α and ε expression.
