Description
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is the product of phosphorylation of sphingosine by sphingosine kinase that is secreted from cells and acts as an agonist at S1P receptors. It increases intracellular calcium levels in TAg-Jurkat cells expressing S1P
1 and G
qi5, which allows for phospholipase C stimulation by G
i proteins, when used at a concentration of 200 nM, as well as in TAg-Jurkat cells expressing S1P
2 and S1P
3 receptors (EC
50s = 8 and 11 nM, respectively). Intra- and extracellular levels of S1P vary spatially allowing it to function as an autocrine or paracrine factor, respectively, and dysregulation of S1P levels are associated with various disease states, such as inflammation and autoimmunity. S1P has a wide variety of effects, including an involvement in cell growth, angiogenesis, immunity, and neuroprotection.
Chemical Properties
Off-White to Grey Powder
Uses
D-erythro-Dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate is a saturated analog of D-erythro-Sphingosine-1-phosphate a putative lipid second messenger; found to inhibit cellular mobility of melanoma cells at very low concentrations with no toxic effects thereby making it a possible agent for prevention of tumor cell metastasis and inflammatory processes.
Uses
A putative lipid second messenger; found to inhibit cellular mobility of melanoma cells at very low concentrations with no toxic effects thereby making it a possible agent for prevention of tumor cell metastasis and inflammatory processes. It mobilizes intracellular calcium stores, decreases cellular cAMP, activates phospholipase D and does not inhibitprotein kinase C.
Uses
A ligand for EDG-1 and EDG-3 and activator of GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12.
Definition
ChEBI: A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1
General Description
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a sphingolipid, is an important cellular metabolite and signaling lipid in animal cells. It has also been found in yeasts and plants. Sphingosine kinases (SPKs) catalyzes the synthesis of S1P from spingosine and regulates S1P levels. It is the end product of ceramide catabolism and is metabolized to phosphoethanolamine and hexadecenal by S1P lyase. S1P is produced in endothelial cells.
Biological Activity
Endogenous second messenger involved in the control of cell proliferation and motility, and Ca 2+ mobilization. Acts as an agonist at sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, S1P 1-5 . Effectors regulated include p38 MAP kinase, PLC, adenylyl cyclase, myosin light chain phosphatase and focal adhesion kinase.
Biochem/physiol Actions
A lipid second messenger that binds to S1P1 and S1P3 receptors. Mobilizes intracellular Ca2+ stores and decreases cellular cAMP. Activates phospholipase D. S1P stimulates the migration of endothelial cells but inhibits the migration of other cell types. Induces angiogenesis.
References
[1] SARAH SPIEGEL Sheldon M. Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an enigmatic signalling lipid[J]. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 2003, 4 5: 397-407. DOI:
10.1038/nrm1103[2] HUGH ROSEN. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor signaling.[J]. Annual review of biochemistry, 2009, 78: 743-768. DOI:
10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.072407.103733[3] MICHAEL MACEYKA. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling and its role in disease.[J]. Trends in Cell Biology, 2012, 22 1: 50-60. DOI:
10.1016/j.tcb.2011.09.003
