Description
Norbormide was first introduced on the market in 1964 as
a selective raticide, but does not have a current registration for
commercial use in the European Union or North America.
Current use as a pesticide is minimal to nonexistent worldwide.
This compound’s toxicity is highly specific for rats.
Chemical Properties
Nonyl trichlorosilane is a clear fuming liquid.
Irritating odor.
Chemical Properties
White solid. Insoluble in
water; soluble in dilute acids.
Uses
The only commercial use was as a rodenticide specifically for
Rattus species. However, there have been some reports of this
compound or its derivatives being investigated as a calcium
channel blocker for use as a potential drug to treat human
cardiovascular disease.
Uses
Norbormide is used as a rodenticide. It acts as a vasoconstrictor and calcium channel blocker, but is selectively toxic to rats and has relatively low toxicity to other species, due to a species specific action of opening the permeability transition pores in rat mitochondria.
Definition
A rodenticide specific for rats,
supposedly nontoxic to other animals or to humans
.
Production Methods
Norbormide is commercially synthesised through a multi-step process involving Diels-Alder cycloaddition and functionalisation of norbornene derivatives. More specifically, the production begins with the formation of a norbornene-based polycyclic scaffold, typically via a Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and a substituted alkene. This intermediate is then functionalised with aryl and pyridyl groups through condensation and alkylation reactions, forming the final compound. ]. The synthesis is stereoselective, producing a mixture of isomers with varying biological activity.
General Description
Colorless to off-white crystalline powder. Used as a selective rat poison.
Reactivity Profile
When heated to decomposition, NORBORMIDE emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides. Avoid alkalis. [EPA, 1998].
Hazard
Toxic by ingestion.
Health Hazard
Moderately to highly toxic to humans. Probable human lethal dose is 50 to 500 mg/kg, or 1 teaspoon to 1 pint for a 150 lb. person.
Fire Hazard
When heated to decomposition, NORBORMIDE emits toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides. Avoid alkalies.
Mechanism of action
A vasoconstrictor agent
Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion andintravenous routes. A rodenticide. When heated todecomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.
Potential Exposure
This material is used as a selective,
fast acting rat poison.
Environmental Fate
Because of its use as a rodenticide, norbormide may have
entered the environment, particularly as a soil contaminant.
The vapor pressure for norbormide is estimated to be
4.3 ×10
-22 mmHg at 25 ℃, while Henry’s constant is
2.7 × 10
-23 atmm
3 mol
-1. Therefore, volatilization from wet
or dry soil is not likely to occur. If present in contaminated soil,
norbormide may be transported in the air and undergo wet or
dry deposition. Also, with a Koc of 2000, there would be some
minor soil mobility. The high Koc coupled with a bioconcentration
factor (BCF) of 290 predicts that norbormide
contaminating aquatic systems would adsorb to suspended
solids or sediments and would bioconcentrate.
Shipping
UN2588 Pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class:
6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name
Required.
Toxicity evaluation
Norbormide causes an extreme and irreversible vasoconstriction
in small arteries in rats following both systemic and local
administration. However, large rat arteries (e.g., aorta),
nonvascular rat smooth muscles (e.g., duodenum and trachea),
and all smooth muscles from non-rat species do not constrict
even at high concentrations/doses of norbormide. The massive
peripheral vasoconstriction in small rat arteries subsequently
reduces coronary blood flow rate, leading to cardiac arrhythmias
and possible death. However, small artery vasoconstriction
in vascular beds supplying other organs (e.g., brain,
kidney, and liver) and subsequent severe ischemic damage are
likely responsible for death in most cases. The norbormideinduced
vasoconstriction is mediated by activation of phospholipase
C/protein kinase C and calcium influx via L-type
voltage-dependent calcium channels. In contrast, norbormideresistant
arteries and smooth muscles exhibit inhibition of
L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels and instead exhibit
a mild relaxation response. A lethal dose of norbormide in rats
(1 g kg-1) can also elevate the blood glucose level twofold with
a decrease in both liver and muscle glycogen. Exposed animals
became comatose within 30 min to 2 h after treatment. The
hyperglycemic effect of this compound in rats is considered to
be a secondary effect.
Incompatibilities
Compounds of the carboxyl group react
with all bases, both inorganic and organic (i.e., amines)
releasing substantial heat, water and a salt that may be
harmful. Incompatible with arsenic compounds (releases
hydrogen cyanide gas), diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates,
isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides
(releasing heat, toxic and possibly flammable gases), thiosulfates
and dithionites (releasing hydrogen sulfate and
oxides of sulfur).
Waste Disposal
Small amounts may be treated
with alkali, then landfilled. Large amounts should be incinerated
. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations
for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide
containers. Must be disposed properly by following package
label directions or by contacting your local or federal
environmental control agency, or by contacting your
regional EPA office.
Pesticide Type
Rodenticide
