Description
Aliskiren hemifumarate (Tekturna(R)) was the first renin inhibitor approved by FDA in March 2007, and genomic analysis validated that Pgx-based dosing guidelines are not required for this drug. The once-daily, oral, direct renin inhibitor received FDA approval for treatment of high blood pressure as mono therapy or in combination with other antihypertensive medications. Furthermore, aliskiren demonstrated increased efficacy when used in combination with other commonly used blood pressure-lowering medications. Novartis is conducting a large outcome trial program to evaluate the long-term effects of aliskiren and of direct renin inhibition in general.
Chemical Properties
white to slightly yellowish crystalline powder. It is soluble in phosphate buffer, n-Octanol, and highly soluble in water.
Uses
An orally active, synthetic nonpeptide renin inhibitor. Antihypertensive.
Uses
Aliskiren hemifumarate is a potent renin inhibitor (IC50 = 0.6 and 80 nM for human and rat respectively). It has antihypertensive activity, decreasing plasma renin activity and inhibiting the conversion of angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I by binding to the S3 sub-pocket of renin. Exhibits selectivity for renin over a range of other aspartic proteinases (>5000 nM). Lowers blood pressure in a hypertensive rodent model. Orally active.
Aliskiren hemifumarate (ALS) has been used to treat hypertension, alone or with other antihypertensive medications. It is suitable for oral administration. ALS regulates baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure by blocking the catalytic activity of renin system at its rate-limiting step.
Definition
ChEBI: Aliskiren fumarate is the hemifumarate salt of aliskiren. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent. It contains an aliskiren.
Clinical Use
Renin inhibitor:
Hypertension
Synthesis
The synthesis of aliskiren by Novartis is depicted in the scheme.Aliskiren (I) was synthesized through a convergent
synthetic strategy by coupling key intermediate chloride 5
with aldehyde 10. Hydrogenation of cinnamic acid 1, followed
by generation of the acid chloride of the corresponding
acid and reaction with (+)-pseudoephedrine provided
amide 2 in 91% yield. Deprotonation of amide 2 with LDA
followed by alkylation with 2-iodopropane in refluxing THF
gave 3 as a single diastereomer in 52% yield. Reduction of
the amide functionality in 3 using n-butyl lithium boron
trifluoride ammonium complex proceeded without epimerization
of the chiral center to give alcohol 4 in 66% yield.
Chlorination of 4 using phosphorus oxychloride gave chloride
5, in 78% yield as the organometallic precursor for the
eventual coupling to aldehyde 10. Synthesis of fragment 10
commenced with (+)-pseudoephedrine isovaleramide 6,
which was efficiently deprotonated with LDA and alkylated
using allyl bromide; diastereomerically pure 7 was obtained
upon crystallization of the crude reaction mixture in 78%
yield. Bromolactonization of 7, using n-bromosuccinimide in
the absence of acetic acid gave amide acetal 8 with a single
configuration at the spirocenter and a 6:1 mixture of
trans:cis ring substituents. Displacement of the bromide using
tetrabutylammonium acetate followed by basic hydrolysis
provided alcohol 9 in 85% yield. Oxidation of 9 using
dimethyl sulfoxide-sulfur trioxide/pyridine proceeded without
epimerization to furnish the masked lactone aldehyde 10
in 60% yield. Coupling of fragments 5 and 10 was achieved
by treatment of 10 with the organocerium reagent of the corresponding
Grignard reagent prepared from 5. Hydrolysis of
the crude spirocyclic addition product revealed that the hydroxylactone
11 was formed in 51% overall yield as an inseparable
epimeric mixture with a Felkin-Anh selectivity of
85:15. The requisite nitrogen functionality was installed via
the brosylate to give azido lactone 12 in 68% yield. Aminolysis
with 3-amino-2,2-dimethylpropionamide led to formation
of the open chain azido alcohol 13 in 76% yield. The synthesis of aliskiren was completed by azide hydrogenolysis
and formation of the hemifumarate salt. Generation of
pure aliskiren was achieved via crystallization which removed
the residual minor (R)-epimer carried through from
the Grignard addition step to afford aliskiren (I) in 43%
yield.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Other antihypertensive agents: enhanced
antihypertensive effect; concentration possibly
reduced by irbesartan; increased risk of
hyperkalaemia and hypotension with ACE-Is and
ARBs.
Antifungals: concentration increased by itraconazole
and ketoconazole, avoid with itraconazole.
Ciclosporin: concentration of aliskiren increased -
avoid.
Diuretics: may reduce concentration of furosemide;
hyperkalaemia with potassium-sparing diuretics.
Grapefruit juice: concentration of aliskiren reduced
- avoid.
Heparins: increased risk of hyperkalaemia.
Potassium salts: increased risk of hyperkalaemia.
Metabolism
Approximately 1.4% of the total oral dose is metabolised
by CYP3A4. Approximately 0.6% of the dose is recovered
in urine following oral administration.
Aliskiren is mainly eliminated as unchanged compound in
the faeces (78%).
