Description
Rezulin was launched in Japan, the UK (subseqently withdrawn) and the US
for treatment of type Ⅱ diabetes. Two approaches, four steps and six steps, converge
on 6-acetoxy-2-(4-aminophenoxymethyl)-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman which can be
elaborated in two steps to Rezulin. It is the first of a new class of thiazolidenediones
for NIDDM that reduces glucose concentrations without effecting insulin secretion. It
binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) thus activating
this nuclear receptor which then influences carbohydrate metabolism. This is
accomplished by increasing insulin sensitivity by upregulating glucose transporter
(Glut1 and/or Glut4) expression without affecting the number or affinity of insulin
receptors. There is also an increase in hepatic glycogen synthase activity which
enhances glucose utilization and a reduction in hepatic gluconeogenesis by inhibiting
fructose-1 ,&bisphosphatase. Pancreatic islet cell destruction is prevented. It reduces
serum triglycerides because PPARγ causes fibroblasts to differentiate into adipocytes
and does not activate RARα. It has a half-life of 9 h and is metabolized into three
compounds having no activity.
Chemical Properties
Crystalline Solid
Originator
Sankyo (Japan)
History
Troglitazone (Sankyo) was firstly approved 1995 in Japan and 1997 in USA and UK. It was launched in these countries in 1997. The recommended starting dose was 400 mg/d and the highest dose 600 mg. After being marketed, the daily practice revealed adverse events in the liver with cases of fatal liver failure. This lead to withdrawal of troglitazone from the market in the UK already after two months, in USA and Japan in the year 2000.
Uses
Troglitazone is an an oral hypoglycemic agent which improves insulin sensitivity and decreases hepatic glucose production. Antidiabetic.
Uses
antidiabetic;peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors activator
Uses
Troglitazone is a TZD which was approved for the treatment of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in Type II diabetes, under the trade name Resulin?, but was withdrawn from the market due to hepatotoxicity. Troglitazone is a potent and selective PPARγ agonist. The EC50 values for transactivation of human and mouse PPARγ in a cell-based assay are 0.55 and 0.78 μM, respectively. In the same assay system, no activation of PPARα and PPARδ was observed at concentrations up to 10 μM. Troglitazone binds to the PPARγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) but fails to induce interaction of the PPARγ LBD with the transcriptional coactivators SRC-1, TIF2, AIB1, p300, or TRAP220. Troglitazone also induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several cancer cell lines with an EC50 of 10 μM.
Definition
ChEBI: Troglitazone is a member of chromanes and a thiazolidinone. It has a role as a hypoglycemic agent, an antioxidant, a vasodilator agent, an anticonvulsant, an anticoagulant, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, an EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor and a ferroptosis inhibitor.
Manufacturing Process
A mixture of 70 g of ethyl-3-[4-(6-acetoxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-
ylmethoxy)phenyl]-2-chloropropionate, 13.12 g of thiourea and 80.2 ml of
sulpholane was reacted for 80 min, under a nitrogen stream at 115°-120°C.
Subsequently, a 656.2 ml acetic acid, 218.7 ml conc. hydrochloric acid and
109.4 ml water was added to this and the resulting mixture was further
heated for 12 h at 85°-90°C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room
temperature and 196.8 g of sodium bicarbonate was added and once the
evolution of carbondioxide had ceased, the solvent was distilled off applying
high vacuum. A 10:1 by volume mixture of benzene and ethyl acetate was
added to the residue and the crude product was washed with a mixture of
equal volumes of a saturated aq. sodium bicarbonate solution water. The
organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and the solvent was
distilled off. The resulting crude product was quickly eluted from a silica gel
column with 50% ethylacetate-hexane to furnish 40 g of the required 5-{4-
(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-yl-methoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-
dione (Troglitazone) with a HPLC purity of about 67-70%. The elution of
column was continued further to yield 5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-
tetramethylchroman-2-yl-methoxy)benzyl]-2-iminothiazolidine-4-one with
HPLC purity of about 70%.
brand name
Prelay (Sankyo); Rezulin (Pfizer);Ronglitazone.
Therapeutic Function
Hypoglycemic
General Description
A α-tocopherol (vitamin E) moiety containing thiazolidinedione class of insulin-sensitizer that acts as an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ). Also exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory properties. Shown to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration by rapidly activating MEK/ERK pathway leading to the induction of
c-fos and
Ets-1 expression. Blocks PDGF-induced cell proliferation of pancreatic stellate and accelerates p21
Cip1 turnover by inhibiting PKC
δ signaling in VSMCs. Exerts positive inotropic effect via Ca
2+ sensitization in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and inhibits Na
+/H
+ exchange activity and proliferation of macrovascular endothelial cells.
Biological Activity
Selective PPAR γ receptor agonist (EC 50 values are 780 and 555 nM at murine and human PPAR γ receptors respectively). Displays no activity at PPAR α or PPAR δ receptors. Antidiabetic agent; exerts potent glucose-lowering effects in insulin-resistant diabetic mice. Displays anti-invasive effect on human breast cancer cells; reduces migration, adhesion and spreading on fibronectin-coated plates. Also inhibits lamellipodia formation and actin polymerization.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Primary TargetPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPARγ)
Pharmacology
Depending on the animal model, after repeated dosing troglitazone lowered hyperglycemia as well as levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and insulin at daily doses of 50 mg/kg p.o. or slightly lower.
in vitro
troglitazone pparγ ligands showed potent inhibitory effect on proliferation, and could induce rcc cell apoptosis, suggesting that the pparγ ligands have potential antitumor effects on renal carcinoma cells [1].
in vivo
troglitazone increased ec proliferation in brown and white adipose tissue and liver in mice at sarcomagenic doses (400 and 800 mg/kg) after four weeks of treatment [2].
References
γ1) Kodera et al. (2000) Ligand type-specific interactions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma with transcriptional coactivators; J. Biol. Chem., 275 33201
2) Tchoukalova et al. (2000) Enhancing effect of troglitazone on porcine adipocyte differentiation in primary culture: a comparison with dexamethasone; Obes. Res., 8 664
3) Tsubouchi et al. (2000) Inhibition of human lung cancer cell growth by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists through induction of apoptosis; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.270
4) Wyttenbach & Kuentz (2017),?Glass-forming ability of compounds in marketed amorphous drug products; Eur. J. Pharm. and Biopharm.,?112?204 [Focus Citation]
