Description
CCCP is a protonophore mitochondrial uncoupler that increases membrane permeability to protons, leading to a disruption in the mitochondrial membrane potential. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and ATPase activity when used at concentrations of 110 and 35 nM, respectively. CCCP inhibits activation of stimulation of interferon genes (STING), decreasing the expression of downstream STING targets, including IFN-β, TBK1, and IRF3 when used at a concentration of 50 μM in RAW 264.7 cells. It induces mitochondrial fission in a manner dependent on the GTPase Drp1. CCCP (4 mg/kg) increases body temperature as well as left ventricular systolic and diastolic dimensions and decreases fractional shortening in rats. It also increases myocardial glucose and fatty acid uptake in rats.
Chemical Properties
yellow to orange-brown crystalline powder
Uses
Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) has been used:
- in the inhibition of efflux pump in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation activity of mitochondria in human Beas-2B bronchial epithelial cells
- to prepare carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone solution for oxidative and mitochondrial stress assay and mitophagy induction in Caenorhabditis elegans
Uses
Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone is a widely used uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
Definition
ChEBI: CCCP is a member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death. It has a role as a geroprotector, an antibacterial agent and an ionophore. It is a nitrile, a hydrazone and a member of monochlorobenzenes. It is functionally related to a hydrazonomalononitrile.
Biological Activity
Widely used uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) induces mitophagy in mammalian cells. CCCP suppresses the expression of few electron transport chain (ETC) proteins. Protonophore (H+ ionophore) and uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Shown to have a number of effects on cellular calcium. Inhibits secretion of hepatic lipase and partially inhibits the pH gradient-activated Cl- uptake and Cl-/Cl- exchange activities in brush-border membrane vesicles.
Synthesis
To a solution of m-chloroaniline (95.70 mmol, 1 eq.) in water (5 mL/mmol) cooled in an ice bath was added sequentially and slowly dropwise 37% aqueous hydrochloric acid (11 eq.) and 1 M aqueous sodium nitrite (1 eq.). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 30 min and then slowly added dropwise under constant stirring to a solution of malononitrile (143.55 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and sodium acetate (31 eq.) in water (8.5 mL/mmol m-chloroaniline) pre-cooled to 0 °C. After 2 hours of reaction, the insoluble hydrazone product was collected by filtration and washed with cold water. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in ethyl acetate and the organic layer was subsequently washed with saturated saline. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. Finally, the target product, N-(3-chlorophenyl)carbonylhydrazinylidene dicyanide, was purified by silica gel column chromatography.
in vitro
a genetic β-galactoside reporter system with a disk diffusion assay on macconkey lactose agar petri plates to monitor maintenance of the bacteriophage λ prophage state and viral induction in escherichia coli k-12. it presented evidence that the phage λ major lytic promoters, pl and pr, are activated via cells containing the reporters following exposure to the energy poison cccp. requirement of expression of the λ lytic promoters in response to cccp is host reca function and an auto-cleavable ci repressor, as does sos induction of the λ prophage occurring by a dna damage-dependent pathway. cccp-mediated activation of the λ lytic promoters required λ cro function. cccp does not modulate an sfi-lacz sos reporter [1]. the uncoupler cccp blocks oxidative phosphorylation by damaging the proton gradient. an anion cccp can bind a proton. but cccp with a delocalized negative charge allows it to cross the lipid bilayer in the unprotonated form, while weak acids cross the hydrophobic membrane only when protonated. many protons can be transported by one molecule of cccp across the inner membrane. it is described that a genetic reporter system to monitor maintenance of the λ prophage state and viral induction, and evidence is presented that it activates the major leftward and rightward lytic promoters of the λ prophage that cells are exposed to the energy poison cccp.
References
[1]. thomason lc, court dl. evidence that bacteriophage λ lysogens may induce in response to the proton motive force uncoupler cccp. fems microbiol lett. 2016 feb;363(3).
