91-20-3

Name	Naphthalene
CAS	91-20-3
EINECS(EC#)	202-049-5
Molecular Formula	C10H8
MDL Number	MFCD00001742
Molecular Weight	128.17
MOL File	91-20-3.mol

Chemical Properties

Description	Naphthalene occurs as transparent prismatic plates also available as white scales, powder balls, or cakes with a characteristic mothball or strong coal tar and aromatic odour. It is sparingly soluble in water but soluble in methanol/ethanol and very soluble in ether. Naphthalene is a commercially important aromatic hydrocarbon. Naphthalene occurs as a white solid or powder. Naphthalene occurs in coal tar in large quantities and is easily isolated from this source in pure condition. It volatilises and sublimes at room temperature above the melting point. The primary use for naphthalene is in the production of phthalic anhydride, also of carbamate insecticides, surface active agents and resins, as a dye intermediate, as a synthetic tanning agent, as a moth repellent, and in miscellaneous organic chemicals. Naphthalene is used in the production of phthalic anhydride; it is also used in mothballs. Naphthalene is also used in the manufacture of phthalic and anthranilic acids to make indigo, indanthrene, and triphenyl methane dyes, for synthetic resins, lubricant, celluloid, lampblack, smokeless powder, and hydronaphthalenes. Naphthalene is also used in dusting powders, lavatory deodorant discs, wood preservatives, fungicide, and as an insecticide. It has been used as an intestinal antiseptic and vermicide and in the treatment of pediculosis and scabies. less more
Appearance	Naphthalene is a colorless to brown crystalline solid with a characteristic “moth ball” odor. Shipped as a molten solid.
Melting point	80-82 °C (lit.)
Boiling point	218 °C (lit.)
density	0.99
vapor density	4.4 (vs air)
vapor pressure	0.03 mm Hg ( 25 °C)
refractive index	1.5821
Fp	174 °F
storage temp.	APPROX 4°C
solubility	methanol: soluble50mg/mL, clear, colorless
form	Faint beige to brown to salmon red powder
color	White to almost white
Specific Gravity	1.145
Odor	at 10.00 % in benzyl benzoate. pungent dry tarry
explosive limit	0.9-5.9%(V)
Odor Type	pungent
Water Solubility	30 mg/L (25 ºC)
Merck	14,6370
BRN	1421310
Henry's Law Constant	5.64 at 25 °C (thermodynamic method-GC/UV spectrophotometry, Altschuh et al., 1999)
Dielectric constant	2.5（85℃）
Exposure limits	TLV-TWA 10 ppm （～50 mg/m³) (ACGIH, MSHA, and OSHA); STEL 15 ppm (～75 mg/m³) (ACGIH); IDLH 500 ppm.
InChIKey	UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP	3.7 at 25℃
CAS DataBase Reference	91-20-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
IARC	2B (Vol. 82) 2002
NIST Chemistry Reference	Naphthalene(91-20-3)
EPA Substance Registry System	91-20-3(EPA Substance)

Safety Data

Hazard Codes	Xn,N,F,T
Risk Statements	R22:Harmful if swallowed. R40:Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. R50/53:Very Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment . R67:Vapors may cause drowsiness and dizziness. R65:Harmful: May cause lung damage if swallowed. R38:Irritating to the skin. R11:Highly Flammable. R39/23/24/25:Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed . R23/24/25:Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed . R52/53:Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment . less more
Safety Statements	S36/37:Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves . S46:If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label . S60:This material and/or its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste . S61:Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions safety data sheet . S62:If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label . S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) . S16:Keep away from sources of ignition-No smoking . S7:Keep container tightly closed . less more
RIDADR	UN 1334 4.1/PG 3
WGK Germany	3
RTECS	QJ0525000
Autoignition Temperature	978 °F
TSCA	Yes
HazardClass	4.1
PackingGroup	III
HS Code	29029010
Safety Profile	Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by ingestion, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. An eye and skin irritant. Can cause nausea, headache, daphoresis, hematuria, fever, anemia, liver damage, vomiting, convulsions, and coma. Poisoning may occur by ingestion of large doses, inhalation, or skin absorption. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame; reacts with oxidizing materials. Explosive reaction with dinitrogen pentaoxide. Reacts violently with CrOs, aluminum chloride + benzoyl chloride. Fires in the benzene scrubbers of coke oven gas plants have been attributed to oxidation of naphthalene. Explosive in the form of vapor or dust when exposed to heat or flame. To fight fire, use water, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. less more
Hazardous Substances Data	91-20-3(Hazardous Substances Data)
IDLA	250 ppm

Raw materials And Preparation Products

Hazard Information

Reactivity Profile

Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between aromatic hydrocarbons, such as NAPHTHALENE, and strong oxidizing agents. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation (acid catalyst), nitration, sulfonation, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction. Naphthalene, camphor, glycerol, or turpentine will react violently with chromic anhydride [Haz. Chem. Data 1967. p 68]. Friedel-Crafts acylation of naphthalene using benzoyl chloride, catalyzed by AlCl3, must be conducted above the melting point of the mixture, or the reaction may be violent [Clar, E. et al., Tetrahedron, 1974, 30, 3296].

Air & Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hazard

Toxic by inhalation. Upper respiratory tract irritant, cataracts and hemolytic anemia. Possible carcinogen.

Health Hazard

Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

Potential Exposure

Naphthalene is used as a chemical intermediate or feedstock for synthesis of phthalic, anthranilic, hydroxyl (naphthols), amino (naphthylamines), and sulfonic compounds; which are used in the manufacture of various dyes and in the preparation of phthalic anhydride, 1-naphthyl-N-methyl carbonate; and β-naphthol. Naphthalene is also used in the manufacture of hydronaphthalenes, synthetic resins; lampblack, smokeless powder; and celluloid. Naphthalene has been used as a moth repellent.
Approximately 100 million people worldwide have G6PD deficiency which would make them more susceptible to hemolytic anemia on exposure to naphthalene. At present, more than 80 variants of this enzyme deficiency have been identified. The incidence of this deficiency is 0.1% in American and European Caucasians, but can range as high as 20% in American blacks and greater than 50% in certain Jewish groups. Newborn infants have a similar sensitivity to the hemolytic effects of naphthalene, even without G6PD deficiency.

Fire Hazard

Flammable/combustible material. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some may burn rapidly with flare burning effect. Powders, dusts, shavings, borings, turnings or cuttings may explode or burn with explosive violence. Substance may be transported in a molten form at a temperature that may be above its flash point. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished.

First aid

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

Shipping

UN1334 Naphthalene, crude or Naphthalene, refined, Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid. UN2304 (molten) Hazard Class: 4.1; Labels: 4.1-Flammable solid.

Incompatibilities

Dust may form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Violent reactions with chromium(III) oxide, dinitrogen pentoxide; chromic anhydride.

Waste Disposal

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.

History

In 1819, naphthalene was obtained as white crystals during the pyrolysis of coal tar by John Kidd (1775–1851), a British physician and chemist, and Alexander Garden (1757–1829), an American living in Britain. Kidd described the properties of the white crystals he obtained from coal tar and proposed the named naphthaline for the substance; naphthaline was derived from naphtha, a general term for a volatile, fl ammable, hydrocarbon liquid. Michael Faraday (1791–1867) determined the correct empirical formula for naphthalene in 1825, and Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909) proposed the fused benzene ring structure in 1866.

Definition

ChEBI: An aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia.

Definition

naphthalene: A white volatilesolid, C₁₀H₈; r.d. 1.025;m.p. 80.55°C; b.p. 218°C. Naphthaleneis an aromatic hydrocarbon withan odour of mothballs and is obtainedfrom crude oil. It is a raw materialfor making certain syntheticresins.

Production Methods

Naphthalene is produced from coal tar or petroleum. It is made from petroleum by dealkylationof methylnaphthalenes in the presence of hydrogen at high temperature and pressure.Petroleum was a major source of naphthalene until the 1980s, but now most naphthaleneis produced from coal tar. The pyrolysis of bituminous coal produces coke and coke ovengases. Naphthalene is condensed by cooling the coke gas and then separated from the gas.

Synthesis Reference(s)

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 96, p. 3686, 1974 DOI: 10.1021/ja00818a072
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 54, p. 4474, 1989 DOI: 10.1021/jo00279a046
Tetrahedron Letters, 27, p. 5541, 1986 DOI: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)85262-4

General Description

Heterogeneous ozonolysis of naphthalene adsorbed on XAD-4 resin has been studied using annular denuder technique.

Flammability and Explosibility

Flammable

Carcinogenicity

Naphthalene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogenbased on sufficient evidence from studies in experimental animals.

Source

Schauer et al. (1999) reported naphthalene in diesel fuel at a concentration of 600 μg/g and in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 617 μg/km. Detected in distilled water-soluble fractions of 87 octane gasoline (0.24 mg/L), 94 octane gasoline (0.21 mg/L), Gasohol (0.29 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (0.60 mg/L), jet fuel A (0.34 mg/L), diesel fuel (0.25 mg/L), military jet fuel JP-4 (0.18 mg/L) (Potter, 1996), and used motor oil (116 to 117 μg/L) (Chen et al., 1994). Lee et al. (1992) investigated the partitioning of aromatic hydrocarbons into water. They reported concentration ranges from 350 to 1,500 mg/L and 80 to 300 μg/L in diesel fuel and the corresponding aqueous phase (distilled water), respectively. Diesel fuel obtained from a service station in Schlieren, Switzerland contained 708 mg/L naphthalene (Schluep et al., 2001). California Phase II reformulated gasoline contained naphthalene at a concentration of 1.04 g/kg. Gas-phase tailpipe emission rates from gasoline-powered automobiles with and without catalytic converters were approximately 1.00 and 50.0 mg/km, respectively (Schauer et al., 2002).
Thomas and Delfino (1991) equilibrated contaminant-free groundwater collected from Gainesville, FL with individual fractions of three individual petroleum products at 24–25 °C for 24 h. The aqueous phase was analyzed for organic compounds via U.S. EPA approved test method 625. Average naphthalene concentrations reported in water-soluble fractions unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel were 989, 644, and 167 ug/L.
Based on laboratory analysis of 7 coal tar samples, naphthalene concentrations ranged from 940 to 71,000 ppm (EPRI, 1990). Detected in 1-yr aged coal tar film and bulk coal tar at concentraions of 26,000 and 29,000 mg/kg, respectively (Nelson et al., 1996). A high-temperature coal tar contained naphthalene at an average concentration of 8.80 wt % (McNeil, 1983). Nine commercially available creosote samples contained naphhalene at concentrations ranging from 3,800 to 52,000 mg/kg (Kohler et al., 2000). Lee et al. (1992a) equilibrated eight coal tars with distilled water at 25 °C. The maximum concentration of naphthalene observed in the aqueous phase was 14 mg/L.
Naphthalene was detected in soot generated from underventilated combustion of natural gas doped with toluene (3 mole %) (Tolocka and Miller, 1995).
Typical concentration in a heavy pyrolysis oil is 17.8 wt % (Chevron Phillips, May 2003). Detected in asphalt fumes at an average concentration of 1.15 ng/m³ (Wang et al., 2001).
An impurity identified in commercially available acenaphthene (Marciniak, 2002).
Schauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates for volatile organic compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particle-phase organic compounds from the residential (fireplace) combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus. The gas-phase emission rate of naphthalene was 227 mg/kg of pine burned. Emission rates of naphthalene were not measured during the combustion of oak and eucalyptus.

Environmental Fate

Biological. In activated sludge, 9.0% of the applied amount mineralized to carbon dioxide after 5 d (Freitag et al., 1985). Under certain conditions, Pseudomonas sp. oxidized naphthalene to cis- 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene (Dagley, 1972). This metabolite may be oxidized by Pseudomonas putida to carbon dioxide and water (Jerina et al., 1971). Under aerobic conditions, Cunninghamella elegans degraded naphthalene to 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, trans-1,2-dihydroxy 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone, and 1,4-naphthoquinone. Under aerobic conditions, Agnenellum, Oscillatoria, and Anabaena degraded naphthalene to 1-naphthol, cis-1,2- dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, and 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone (Kobayashi and Rittman, 1982; Riser-Roberts, 1992). Candida lipolytica, Candida elegans, and species of Cunninghamella, Syncephalastrum and Mucor oxidized naphthalene to 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, trans-1,2- dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, 4-hydroxy-1-tetralone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, and 1,4-naphthouinone (Cerniglia et al., 1978, 1980; Dodge and Gibson, 1980).
Soil. The half-lives of naphthalene in pristine and oil-contaminated sediments are >88 d and 4.9 h, respectively (Herbes and Schwall, 1978). Reported half-lives for naphthalene in a Kidman sandy loam and McLaurin sandy loam are 2.1 and 2.2 d, respectively (Park et al., 1990).
Surface Water. The volatilization half-life of naphthalene from surface water (1 m deep, water velocity 0.5 m/sec, wind velocity 22.5 m/sec) using experimentally determined Henry’s law constants is estimated to be 16 h (Southworth, 1979). The reported half-lives of naphthalene in an oil-contaminated estuarine stream, clean estuarine stream, coastal waters, and in the Gulf stream are 7, 24, 63, and 1,700 d, respectively (Lee, 1977). Mackay and Wolkoff (1973) estimated an evaporation half-life of 2.9 h from a surface water body that is 25 °C and 1 m deep. In a laboratory experiment, the average volatilization half-life of naphthalene in a stirred water vessel (outer dimensions 22 x 10 x 21 cm) at 23 °C and an air flow rate of 0.20 m/sec is 380 min. The half-life was independent of wind velocity or humidity but very dependent upon temperature (Kl?pffer et al., 1982).
Groundwater. The estimated half-life of naphthalene in groundwater in the Netherlands was 6 months (Zoeteman et al., 1981). Nielsen et al. (1996) studied the degradation of naphthalene in a shallow, glaciofluvial, unconfined sandy aquifer in Jutland, Denmark. As part of the in situ microcosm study, a cylinder that was open at the bottom and screened at the top was installed through a cased borehole approximately 5 m below grade. Five liters of water was aerated with atmospheric air to ensure aerobic conditions were maintained. Groundwater was analyzed weekly for approximately 3 months to determine naphthalene concentrations with time. The experimentally determined first-order biodegradation rate constant and corresponding half-life following a 6-d lag phase were 0.8/d and 20.8 h, respectively.
Photolytic. Irradiation of naphthalene and nitrogen dioxide using a high pressure mercury lamp (λ >290 nm) yielded the following principal products: 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 1-hydroxy-2- nitronaphthalene, 1-nitronaphthalene, 2,3-dinitronaphthalene, phthalic anhydride, 1,3-, 1,5- and 1,8-dinitronaphthalene (Barlas and Parlar, 1987). In a similar experiment, naphthalene crystals was heated to 50 °C and exposed to pure air containing NO and OH radicals. Photodecomposition followed first-order kinetics indicating the concentration of OH radicals remained constant throughout the reaction. Degradation products identified by GC/MS were 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 1-nitronaphthalene, 2-nitronaphthalene, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone-2,3-epoxide, 3- nitrophthalic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, 4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, 1,2-benzenecarboxaldehyde, cis-2-formyl-cinnamaldehyde, trans-2-formylcinnamaldehyde, and phthalide. The following compounds were tentatively identified: 2,7-naphthalenediol, 2-nitro-1-naphthol, 4-nitro-1-naphthol, and 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol. Photoproducts identified by HPLC included: benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol, 2-formylcinnamic acid, cis-2-formylcinnamaldehyde, trans-2-formylcinnamaldehyde, 1-nitronaphthalene, 2-nitronaphthalene, 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone-2,3-epoxide, 3-nitrophthalic anhydride, oxalic acid, phthalic acid, phthalaldehyde, and phthalide (Lane et al., 1997).

Purification Methods

Crystallise naphthalene once or more times from the following solvents: EtOH, MeOH, CCl4, *C6H6, glacial acetic acid, acetone or diethyl ether, followed by drying at 60o in an Abderhalden drying apparatus. It has also been purified by vacuum sublimation and by fractional crystallisation from its melt. Other purification procedures include refluxing in EtOH over Raney Ni and chromatography of a CCl4 solution on alumina with *benzene as eluting solvent. Baly and Tuck [J Chem Soc 1902 1908] purified naphthalene for spectroscopy by heating with conc H2SO4 and MnO2, followed by steam distillation (repeating the process), and formation of the picrate which, after recrystallisation (m 150o) is decomposed with base and the naphthalene is steam distilled. It is then crystallised from dilute EtOH. It can be dried over P2O5 under vacuum (take care not to make it sublime). Also purify it by sublimation and subsequent crystallisation from cyclohexane. Alternatively, it has been washed at 85o with 10% NaOH to remove phenols, with 50% NaOH to remove nitriles, with 10% H2SO4 to remove organic bases, and with 0.8g AlCl3 to remove thianaphthalenes and various alkyl derivatives. Then it is treated with 20% H2SO4, 15% Na2CO3 and finally distilled. [Gorman et al. J Am Chem Soc 107 4404 1985.] Zone refining purified naphthalene from anthracene, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, methyl violet, benzoic acid, methyl red, chrysene, pentacene and indoline. [Beilstein 5 IV 1640.]

Toxicity evaluation

Systemic absorption of naphthalene vapor may result in cataracts. The biochemical basis for naphthalene cataract has been investigated. Naphthalene is metabolized in the liver to 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. Lenticular catechol reductase biotransforms 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene to 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, which, in turn, is auto-oxidized in air at neutral pH to 1,2-naphthoquinone and hydrogen peroxide. Ascorbic acid reverses the latter reaction and forms dehydroascorbic acid, which diffuses out of the lens very slowly. Dehydroascorbic acid has been shown to accumulate in the lens of rabbits that were fed naphthalene and lens incubated in vitro with 1,2-dihydro- 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. The sequence of reactions involves the reduction of ascorbic acid by 1,2-naphthoquinone in the aqueous humor to dehydroascorbic acid, which rapidly penetrates the lens and is reduced by glutathione. Oxidized glutathione and 1,2-naphthoquinone may compete for enzyme glutathione reductase, which normally maintains high reticular levels of reduced glutathione. A reduction in the concentration of these coupled with the removal of oxygen from the aqueous humor due to the autooxidation of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene may make the lens sensitive to naphthalene toxicity.

References

Formation Mechanisms of Naphthalene and Indene: From the Interstellar Medium to Combustion Flames. DOI:10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09735
Functional Naphthalene Diimides: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. DOI:10.1021/ACS.CHEMREV.6B00160
The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: A Reference Guide DOI:10.5860/choice.45-3798
A comprehensive guide to the hazardous properties of chemical substances DOI:10.1002/9780470134955
A Dictionary of Chemistry (6th edition) DOI:10.1108/09504120910935291
TOXICOLOGICAL REVIEW of NAPHTHALENE
Naphthalene - Environmental Protection Agency

Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS)

Questions And Answer

description
Naphthalene is a white solid chemical that vaporizes easily. It has a strong smell. You can sometimes smell naphthalene in the air or in water. Called white tar and tar camphor, naphthalene is used in mothballs and moth flakes. Petroleum and coal contain naphthalene.

Naphthalene, the simplest of the fused or condensed ring hydrocarbon compounds composed of two benzene rings sharing two adjacent carbon atoms. Naphthalene is the most abundant single constituent of coal tar, a volatile product from the destructive distillation of coal, and is also formed in modern processes for the high-temperature cracking (breaking up of large molecules) of petroleum.
1-Methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene are naphthalene-related compounds. 1-Methylnaphthalene is a clear liquid and 2-methylnaphthalene is a solid; both can be smelled in air and in water at very low concentrations. 1-Methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene are used to make other chemicals such as dyes and resins. 2-Methylnaphthalene is also used to make vitamin K. ;
Chemical Properties
Naphthalene is a crystalline, white, flammable, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of two fused benzene rings. It has a pungent odor and sublimes readily above its melting point; it has been traditionally used in moth balls and is responsible for the moth balls characteristic odor. Naphthalene is a natural component of fossil fuels and is the single most abundant component of coal tar, accounting for approximately 11% of dry coal tar. ;
Uses
1. In industry, naphthalene is used to manufacture a plastic called polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In public restrooms, naphthalene can be found in toilet deodorant blocks. At home, naphthalene can be found in moth repellents.
2. Naphthalene balls are extensively used as household preservative of woolen clothes and as a deodorant tablet for the toilets, urinals, bathrooms etc. These are manufactured from naphthalene flakes by a tabletmaking machine having its ball shape die.
3. Naphthalene is an important hydrocarbon raw material and is primarily used to manufacture phthalic anhydride and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics, but is also used in moth repellents and toilet deodorant blocks.
4. Naphthalene was used in liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents for the production of graphene sheets. It was used in preparation of carbon-coated Si 70 Sn 30 nanoparticles.
5. It was used as fluorescent probe to study the aggregation behavior of sodium cholate.
6. It was used to investigate influence of added short chain linear and branched alcohols on the binding of 1:1 complex of naphthalene and β-cyclodextrin.
;
Health Hazard
Most of the data available on the toxic effects of naphthalene have been derived from animal studies conducted either in vivo or with in vitro preparations.
Rats and mice breathing naphthalene vapors daily for a lifetime had irritated noses and nose tumors and irritated lungs. Some female mice had lung tumors. Some animals got cloudy eyes after ingesting it.
It is not clear if naphthalene causes reproductive problems in animals. Although there is no direct data showing that naphthalene can cause cancer in people, naphthalene exposure can lead to cancer in animals.
Exposure to large amounts of naphthalene may damage or destroy red blood cells, a condition called hemolytic anemia. Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are feeling very tired or restless, lack of appetite, and pale skin. Exposure to large amounts of naphthalene may also cause upset stomach, diarrhea, blood in the urine,and yellow-colored skin. Very young children and unborn children are at higher risk if they are exposed to naphthalene, especially if they ingest the chemical. Some infants have become ill when they were close to clothing or blankets stored in naphthalene mothballs. ;
Toxicity
Naphthalene is a white solid substance with a strong smell. Poisoning from naphthalene destroys or changes red blood cells so they cannot carry oxygen. This can cause organ damage.
In humans, naphthalene is broken down to alpha-naphthol, which is linked to the development of hemolytic anemia. Kidney and liver damage may also occur. Alpha-naphthol and other metabolites are excreted in urine.
In animals, naphthalene breaks down into other compounds including alpha-naphthol, which may affect the lungs and eyes. Naphthalene was found in the milk of exposed cows, but the residues disappeared quickly after the cows were no longer exposed. Nearly all the naphthalene was broken down into other compounds and excreted in their urine. ;

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Chemical Properties

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Raw materials And Preparation Products

Raw materials

Preparation Products

Hazard Information

Reactivity Profile

Air & Water Reactions

Hazard

Health Hazard

Potential Exposure

Fire Hazard

First aid

Shipping

Incompatibilities

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Definition

Definition

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Synthesis Reference(s)

General Description

Flammability and Explosibility

Carcinogenicity

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Toxicity evaluation

References

Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS)

Questions And Answer

description

Chemical Properties

Uses

Health Hazard

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