Occurrence
The structure would account for the presence of four optically active and two optically inactive isomers;
although only d-, l-, and dl-α-pinene are known, however; presence of one or more isomers has been reported in more than 400
essential oils; in the largest amounts it has been reported found in Achillea millefolium (d-), Artemisia tridentata (d-), Italian
rosemary (l-), wild thyme (l-), French lavender (l-), coriander (d-, dl-), cumin (d, dl-), labdanum (l-), neroli (l-), lemon, Litsea
cubeba (d-) and ylang-ylang (d-). It is also reported in over 200 natural products including apple, apricot, many citrus juices and
peel oils, bilberry, cranberry, lingonberry, blackberry, currants, guava, raspberry, strawberry, orange, lime, grapefruit, mandarin,
tangerine oils and juices, various spices, mint essential oils, carrot, celery, cooked potato, bell pepper, tomato, anise, cinnamon,
cassia leaf, clove, cumin, ginger, Mentha oils, nutmeg, mace, pepper, parsley, thyme, Swiss and cheddar cheese, cream, fatty fish,
fried chicken, beef fat, hop oil, rum, bourbon whiskey, tea, roasted filberts, pecans, oats, soybean, plum, mushroom, sweet and
wild marjoram, starfruit, mango, tamarind, cardamom, coriander, gin, rice, litchi, calamus, dill, lovage, caraway seed, buckwheat,
laurel, fennel, kiwifruit, myrtle leaf and berry, rosemary, buchu oil, Bourbon vanilla, Spanish and clary sage, nectarine, crayfish,
clam, cape gooseberry, anise hyssop, angelica root oil, Roman and German chamomile oil, eucalyptus oil, bullock’s heart and
mastic gum leaf and fruit oil.
