Uses
Avermectin B1a is the major component (>80%) of a commercially available anthelmintic used to control parasitic nematodes in livestock. Avermectin B1a contains a secbutyl residue in the 25-position. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that this analogue is the more potent analogue in the commercial product.
Description
Avermectin B
1a is a macrocyclic lactone disaccharide anthelmintic agent that binds to high and low affinity sites on the mammalian GABA
A receptor.
1,2,3 Binding to the high affinity site activates the receptor to increase chloride influx, while binding to the low affinity site blocks the channel.
3 Avermectin B
1a inhibits binding of the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine to membranes and the solubilized receptor from rat spinal cord (K
is = 1.3 and 3.6 μM, respectively).
4 Formulations containing avermectin B
1a (>80%) and avermectin B
1b (~20%; Item No.
17453) are used in insecticides and veterinary anthelmintic formulas as abamectin (Item No.
19201).
5,6
Manufacturing Process
1. The contents of a lyophilized tube of Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680 is
transferred aseptically to a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 305 ml of
Medium 1: Dextrose 20 g, Peptone 5 g, Meat Extract 5 g, Primary Yeast 3 g,
NaCl 5 g, CaCO3 (after pH adjustment) 3 g, Distilled water 1000 ml, pH 7.0.
The inoculated flask is incubated for 3 days at 28°C on a rotary shaking
machine at a speed of 220 RPM in a 2 inch radius circular orbit. At the end of
this time, a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 ml of Medium 2 [Tomato
Paste 20 g, Modified Starch (CPC) 20 g, Primary Yeast 10 g, CoCl2·6H2O 0.005
g, Distilled water 1000 ml, pH 7.2-7.4] is inoculated with a 2 ml sample from
the first flask. This flask is incubated for 3 days at 28°C on a rotary shaking
machine at a speed of 220 RPM in a 2 inch diameter circular orbit. 50 Ml of
the resulting fermentation broth containing C-076 is effective against an
N.dubius infection in mice.
2. A lyophilized tube of Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680 is opened
aseptically and the contents suspended in 50 ml of Medium 1 in a 250 ml
Erlenmeyer flask. This flask is shaken for 3 days at 28°C on a rotary shaking
machine 220 RPM with a 2 inch diameter circular orbit. A 0.2 ml portion of
this seed medium is used to inoculate a Slant of Medium 3: Dextrose 10.0 g ,
Bacto Asparagine 0.5 g, K2HPO4 40.5 g, Bacto Agar 15.0 g , Distilled water
1000 ml, pH 7.0. The inoculated slant medium is incubated at 28°C for 10
days and stored at 4°C until used to inoculate 4 more slants of Medium 3.
These slants are incubated in the dark for 8 days. One of these slants is used
to inoculate 3 baffled 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 50 ml of No. 4
Seed Medium: Soluble Starch 10.0 g, Ardamine 5.0 g, NZ Amine E 5.0 g, Beef
Extract 3.0 g, MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g, Cerelose 1.0 g, Na2HPO4 0.190 g, KH2PO4
182 g, CaCO3 0.5 g, Distilled water 1000 ml, pH 7.0-7.2. The seed flasks are
shaken for 2 days at 27-28°C on a rotary shaking machine at 220 RPM with a
2 inch diameter circular orbit. The contents of these flasks are pooled and
used to inoculate (5% inoculum) baffled 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing
40 ml of various production media. Flasks containing media 2, 5 and 6 are
incubated for 4 days at 28°C on a rotary shaking machine at 220 RPM with a
2 inch diameter circular orbit. The resulting broth containing C-076 is then
harvested and tested for anthelmintic activity. In all cases 6.2 ml of whole
broth and the solids obtained from centrifuging 25 ml of whole broth are fully
active against N.dubius helminth infections in mice.
3. The one of the four slants of Medium 3 prepared as in Example 2 is used to
inoculate a baffled 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 50 ml of Seed Medium
No. 4. The seed flask is shaken for 1 day at 27- 28°C on a rotary shaking
machine at 220 RPM with a 2 inch diameter circular orbit. The seed flask is
then stored stationary at 4°C until it is ready to be used. The contents of this
flask are then used to inoculate (5% inoculum) 20 unbaffled 250 ml
Erlenmeyer flasks containing 40 ml of Medium No. 2. After 4 days incubation
at 28°C on a rotary shaking machine at 220 RPM with a 2 inch diameter
circular orbit, 19 of the flasks are harvested and pooled. The combined
fermentation broths
containing C-076 are filtered affording 500 ml of filtrate and 84 g of mycelia.
78 G of mycelia are extracted with 150 ml of acetone for ? hour with stirring
and the mixture filtered. The filter cake is washed with 50 ml of acetone and
the filtrate and washings are combined and concentrated to 46.5 ml 30 Ml of
the concentrate is adjusted to pH 4 with dilute hydrochloric acid and extracted
3 times with 30 ml portions of chloroform. The extracts are dried by filtering
through dry Infusorial Earth (Super-Cel) combined and concentrated to
dryness in vacuum. The oily residue of C-076 weighing 91.4 mg is dissolved in
chloroform sufficient to make 3 ml of solution which represents 1% of broth
volume. The C-076 (Abamectin) obtained in this recovery procedure is fully
active against N.dubius infections in mice. In addition, the chloroform
extraction achieved a 70 fold purification of C-076 from the whole broth.
References
[1] DAISUKE YAMAMURO. Screening for microbial metabolites affecting phenotype of Caenorhabditis elegans.[J]. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2011, 34 10: 1619-1623. DOI:
10.1248/bpb.34.1619[2] C C WANG S S P. Actions of avermectin B1a on GABA nerves.[J]. Progress in clinical and biological research, 1982, 97: 373-395.
[3] J HUANG J E C. Avermectin B1a binds to high- and low-affinity sites with dual effects on the gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated chloride channel of cultured cerebellar granule neurons.[J]. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1997, 281 1: 261-266.
[4] D. GRAHAM H. B F Pfeiffer. Avermectin B1a inhibits the binding of strychnine to the glycine receptor of rat spinal cord[J]. Neuroscience Letters, 1982, 29 2: Pages 173-176. DOI:
10.1016/0304-3940(82)90349-4[5] R B WESCOTT. Efficacy of avermectin B1a for treatment of experimentally induced nematode infections in cattle.[J]. American journal of veterinary research, 1980, 41 8: 1326-1328.
[6] K S TODD J A D M E Mansfield. Anthelmintic efficacy of avermectin B1a and dihydroavermectin B1a against ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in 1977.[J]. American journal of veterinary research, 1984, 45 5: 976-977.
