Chemical Properties
White Solid
Uses
Principal alkaloid of opium.
This is a controlled substance (opiate). Analgesic (narcotic)
Uses
Principle alkaloid of opium.
This is a controlled substance (opiate). Analgesic (narcotic).
Description
Morphine (sulfate hydrate) (Item No. 25955) is an analytical reference standard categorized as an opioid. It is a natural phenanthrene commonly used for its analgesic properties but has a high potential for addiction. Morphine is regulated as a Schedule II compound in the United States. This product is intended for research and forensic applications.
Originator
Avinza,Aetna Inc.
Definition
ChEBI: Morphine sulfate pentahydrate is an alkaloid sulfate salt and a hydrate. It contains a morphine.
Manufacturing Process
Morphin was extracted from the plant vegetable (the poppy) by the mixture of
water and methanol or the aqueous solution of potassium pyrosulfate. The
precipitation of the morphin was carried out by addition to the extract the
aqueous solution of sodium carbonate.
Morphin can be obtained from the extract by using the cation exchanger.
Free base of morphin was transformated to the sulfate salt.
Brand name
Astramorph (AstraZeneca); Avinza
(Ligand); Depodur (Skyepharma); Duramorph (Baxter
Healthcare); Infumorph (Baxter Healthcare); Kadian (Alpharma);
Ms Contin (Purdue Frederick); Oramorph (Xanodyne).
Therapeutic Function
Narcotic analgesic, Sedative
Acquired resistance
The analgesic effect of orally dosed morphine can equal that obtained by parenteral administration,
if proper doses are given. When given orally, the initial dose of morphine is usually 60 mg, followed by maintenance doses of 20 to 30 mg every 4 hours.
Addiction to clinically used morphine by the oral route generally is not a problem.
Mechanism of action
Morphine sulfate is the analgesic used most often for severe, acute, and chronic pain. Morphine is
a μ agonist and is a Schedule II drug. It is available in intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral, rectal,
epidural, and intrathecal dosage forms. The epidural and intrathecal preparations are formulated
without a preservative.Morphine is three- to six times more potent when given intramuscularly than
when given orally. The difference in activity results from extensive first-pass 3-O-glucuronidation of
morphine—an inactive metabolite. The half-life of intramuscularly dosed (10 mg) morphine is
approximately 3 hours. The dose of morphine, by any dosage route, must be reduced in patients
with renal failure and in geriatric and pediatric patients. The enhanced effects of morphine in renal
failure is believed to be caused by a buildup of the active 6-glucuronide metabolite, which depends
on renal function for elimination.
References
[1] MARTHE M. VANDEPUTTE. First identification, chemical analysis and pharmacological characterization of N-piperidinyl etonitazene (etonitazepipne), a recent addition to the 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioid subclass[J]. Archives of Toxicology, 2022, 96 6: 1865-1880. DOI:
10.1007/s00204-022-03294-2
