56-45-1

Serine (abbreviated as Ser or S,56-45-1) is an amino acid with the formula HO₂CCH(NH₂)CH₂OH. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. Its codons in the genetic code are UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU and AGC. By virtue of the hydroxyl group, serine is classified as a polar amino acid.

L-Serine(56-45-1) is a white crystal or crystalline powder, slightly sweet taste, soluble in water and acid, insoluble in alcohol and ether. From soybeans, wine fermentation agent, dairy products, eggs, fish, lactalbumin, meat, nuts, seafood, whey, and whole grains to get. Serine is also used as a dietary supplement where it can aid improved memory function and in personal care products where it helps with the production of new skin cells.

Amino acid.

ChEBI: The L-enantiomer of serine.

Industrially , L - serine is produced by fermentation, with an estimated 100 - 1000 tonnes per year produced . In the laboratory, racemic serine can be prepared from methyl acrylate via several steps.

Serine(56-45-1) is the first amino acid produced in the 3-phosphoglycerate pathway. It is further converted to glycine and L-cysteine. Industrially L-serine can be produced by direct fermentation or by an enzymatic process from glycine. The enzymatic route developed by Mitsui reacts glycine with formaldehyde using serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT). With an overexpression of SHMT in E. coli, concentrations of serine of over 300 g/L in 35 h reaction time have been reported, with a glycine conversion of[98 %. This process requires the addition of tetrahydrofolic acid to the system as a cofactor. An alternative to enzymatic production is a direct fermentation to give L-serine. Strains based on Brevibacterium flavum and C. glutamicum have been described. In both strains, the enzymes phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (serA), phosphoserine phosphatase (serB), and phosphoserine transaminase (serC) have been overexpressed. These enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis pathway from 3-phosphoglycerate. Note that because of product inhibition by L-serine of serA, feedback-resistant mutants have been developed to increase yields. A mutant strain of B. flavum with a feedback-resistant serA* and overexpression of the serA*, serB, and serC has been reported to accumulate 35.2 g/L L-serine with a carbon yield of 32 % based on glucose. In addition it has been shown that increased yields in C. glutamicum can be obtained by deleting the L-serine degrading enzyme L-serine dehydratase (sdaA).

Endogenous agonist at the inhibitory glycine receptor.

Precursor of glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase.

Metabolic
Serine is important in metabolism in that it participates in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. It is the precursor to several amino acids including glycine and cysteine, and tryptophan in bacteria. It is also the precursor to numerous other metabolites, including sphingolipids and folate, which is the principal donor of one-carbon fragments in biosynthesis.
Structural role
Serine plays an important role in the catalytic function of many enzymes. It has been shown to occur in the active sites of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and many other enzymes. The so-called nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by combining with a residue of serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely.
As a constituent (residue) of proteins, its side chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation, which may be functionally related to diabetes.
It is one of three amino acid residues that are commonly phosphorylated by kinases during cell signaling in eukaryotes. Phosphorylated serine residues are often referred to as phosphoserine.
Signaling
D-Serine, synthesized in the brain by serine racemase from Lserine (its enantiomer), serves as both a neuro transmitter and a gliotransmitter by coactivating NMDA receptors, making them able to open if they then also bind glutamate. D-serine is a potent agonist at the glycine site of the NMDA-type glutamate receptor. For the receptor to open, glutamate and either glycine or D-serine must bind to it. In fact, D-serine is a more potent agonist at the glycine site on the NMDAR than glycine itself. D-serine was only thought to exist in bacteria until relatively recently; it was the second D amino acid discovered to naturally exist in humans, present as a signalling molecule in the brain, soon after the discovery of D-aspartate. Had D amino acids been discovered in humans sooner, the glycine site on the NMDA receptor might instead be named the D-serine site.
Gustatory sensation
Pure D-Serine is an off-white crystalline powder with a very faint funky or dirty aroma. L-Serine is sweet with minor umami and sour tastes at high concentration. D-Serine is sweet with an additional minor sour taste at medium and high concentrations.

L-serine is generally safe to take as an oral dietary supplement. In a phase 1 safety trial in 20 ALS patients, L-serine treatment (0.5-15.0 g, twice daily) for 6 months was generally well-tolerated and appeared to be safe. Two patients withdrew from the trial due to gastrointestinal side effects but no other adverse events or changes in routine blood tests measures were observed.

This compound is one of the naturally occurring proteinogenic amino acids. Only the L-stereoisomer appears naturally in proteins. It is not essential to the human diet, since it is synthesized in the body from other metabolites, including glycine. Serine was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865. Its name is derived from the Latin for silk, sericum. Serine's structure was established in 1902.
The biosynthesis of serine starts with the oxidation of 3- phosphoglycerate to 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate and NADH. Reductive amination of this ketone followed by hydrolysis gives serine. Serine hydroxymethyltransferase catalyzes the reversible, simultaneous conversions of L-serine to glycine (retro-aldol cleavage) and 5,6,7,8-tetra hydrofolate to 5,10-methylene tetra hydrofolate (hydrolysis).
This compound may also be naturally produced when UV light illuminates simple ices such as a combination of water, methanol, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia, suggesting that it may be easily produced in cold regions of space.

A likely impurity is glycine. Crystallise L-serine from H2O by adding 4volumes of EtOH. Dry and store it in a desiccator. It sublimes at 160-170o/0.3mm with 99.7% recovery, and unracemised [Gross & Gradsky J Am