Description
Hesperidin exists mainly in the peel of lemon, orange, and Seville orange flower,
which belong to facilitating medicine. These Chinese medicines are warm and fragrant with the function of eliminating depression and knots. They cure abdominal
distension, belching swallow acid pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation caused by the spleen, and stomach qi zhi; and they also cure depression, hernia,
breast pain, and menoxenia caused by liver qi; moreover, they cure chest pain,
cough, and asthma, which are caused by lung qi.
Modern research has shown that li qi medicines have an extensive effect, such as
regulatory effect on the digestive system, and they control the bronchial smooth
muscle, the uterus smooth muscle, and the cardiovascular system. The base of the
effect of li qi medicines in inverse, anti-nausea, antidiarrheal, and analgesia pharmacological effects is its effect in inhibiting gastric bowel movement; its exciting gastrointestinal movement is the foundation to eliminate swelling; its effect in relaxation
of the bronchial smooth muscle is the foundation of pharmacological effects in antinausea. The intravenous injection to treat shock effect is the new development of li
qi medicine.
Physical properties
Appearance: fine dendritic crystal (precipitation at pH 6–7), odorless, tasteless.
Melting point: 258–262?°C (softening at 250?°C). Solubility: 1?g of hesperidin can be
soluble in 50?l of water. Hesperidin dissolves in dimethyl formamide and formamide
at 60?°C.?It is slightly soluble in methanol and hot ice acetic acid and hardly soluble
in acetone, benzene, and chloroform and is soluble in dilute alkali and pyridine.
History
Hesperidin is the glycoside in the form of hesperidin and rubiose and is a derivative
of dihydroflavonoids. It widely exists in legume, birch, lip flower, butterfly flower,
Rutaceae, and citrus plants. Hesperidin is an important composition of citrus
pulp and peel; most of hesperidin exists in citrus processing waste such as skin and
fruit bag. Mature skin and tissue have the highest content of hesperidin (30–50% in
endocarp; 30–50% in orange collaterals, nuclear, and pulp; and 10–20% in exo_x005fcarp); the content of hesperidin is relatively low in juice and orange bag, which is
about 1–5%. The crude extracts of hesperidin was first discovered in 1827 by
Lebreton. Then the Hungarian scholar Albert Szent-Gyorgi discovered that the flavonoids have a protective microvascular effect in 1936, which is similar to that of
vitamin P. Preparation of vitamin P was made in 1938. It was not until 1949
that it was discovered that vitamin P was made up of two flavonoids, luteolin and
hesperidin, which are believed to be vitamin active. This substance, which was later
named as vitamin P, was designed to reduce blood vessel permeability and brittleness, as well as alleviate bad blood and vitamin C deficiency. It was later discovered
that the substance had an antioxidant effect, so the name of vitamin P was abandoned. Due to the widespread distribution of hesperidin in plant medicine, the
research and development have been widely followed.
Definition
ChEBI: A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.
Indications
Hesperidin can be used for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment, blood
sugar and blood lipid and blood pressure regulation, circulatory system regulation,
and body regulation, and it can also be used as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory,
and antiviral.
Flammability and Explosibility
Nonflammable
Pharmacology
The pharmacological effect of hesperidin is widespread, and people thought it was
vitamin P in the early days, but in recent years, people found that it has other functions such as controlling blood pressure, antiallergic, reducing bone mineral density
and cholesterol, improving enzyme activity and microcirculation, antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatitis B, antitumor, and other pharmacological effects.Hesperidin has the function of vitamin P, which can reduce capillary permeability and prevent microvascular hemorrhage. Intraperitoneal injection of hesperidin at
175–250?mg/kg in mice could increase permeability of blood vessels by antihistamine and inhibiting hemolytic lecithin. Hesperidin has antiviral and antimicrobial
effect, and preincubation with hesperidin at 200? mg/ml protects the cells from
viruses. One to 10?μg/ml of hesperidin effectively inhibits the growth of the fungus.
It has the effect of maintaining the normal osmotic pressure of the blood vessels,
reducing the shortness of blood vessels, shortening bleeding time, reducing blood
fat, and preventing atherosclerosis; hesperidin has an effect on the gastrointestinal
tract, which can excite the smooth muscle transiently and then inhibit it, and it is a
major component of the diet drug; hesperidin has an effect of anti-lipid peroxidation
and scavenging hydroxyl radical. Hesperidin is a newly discovered flavonoid compound which has an effect in the central nervous system; it has a sedative effect. At
the same time, hesperidin has the effect of lowering cholesterol, curing rheumatism,
and inhibiting skin pigmentation. Hesperidin is a strong affinity for estrogen receptors, which can be used in estrogen receptors to prevent bone loss and reduce the
number of osteoblasts.
Hesperidin has a significant inhibitory effect on human lung
cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, and human breast cancer cells, which can
be used for cancer prevention.
Clinical Use
Hesperidin has the effect to maintain osmotic pressure, strengthen the capillary
toughness, shorten the bleeding time, lower cholesterol, and so on. Although hesperidin cannot be used as independent medication, it is recorded in the pharmacopoeia that hesperidin, as auxiliary materials, is widely used to aid in the treatment
of cardiovascular system; it can be configured as a variety of drugs to prevent hardening of the arteries and myocardial infarction. It is one of the main raw materials
of medicine “pulse.” Hesperidin is used as auxiliary materials for the treatment of
vascular brittleness, bedsore, rheumatoid arthritis, vitamin C deficiency disease,
trauma, obstetric disease, gum inflammation, edema, and gastrointestinal tract disease in the world. Hesperidin can be used to produce an anticancer drug called
diosmin. Natural antioxidant is available in the food industry. It is also used in
the cosmetics industry.
Side effects
Potential side effects of hesperidin include: abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, contact dermatitis (itchy rash caused by direct contact with the substance). In a study evaluating the effects of hesperidin supplementation on heart attacks, no serious adverse reactions were reported.
target
P450 (e.g. CYP17) | PPAR | NF-kB | NOS | Bcl-2/Bax | Caspase | PI3K | mTOR | Akt | Wnt/β-catenin | GSK-3 | c-Myc | COX | TNF-α
Purification Methods
Dissolve hesperidine in dilute aqueous alkali and precipitate it by adjusting the pH to 6-7. [Beilstein 18 III/IV 3219, 18/5 V 218.]
References
[1] EDY MEIYANTO Anindyajati Adam Hermawan. Natural products for cancer-targeted therapy: citrus flavonoids as potent chemopreventive agents.[J]. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2012, 13 2: 427-436. DOI:
10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.2.427[2] H. SERRA . Prediction of intestinal absorption and metabolism of pharmacologically active flavones and flavanones[J]. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2008, 16 7: Pages 4009-4018. DOI:
10.1016/j.bmc.2008.01.028
