50-29-3

Name	4,4'-DDT
CAS	50-29-3
EINECS(EC#)	200-024-3
Molecular Formula	C14H9Cl5
MDL Number	MFCD00000802
Molecular Weight	354.49
MOL File	50-29-3.mol

Chemical Properties

Appearance	DDT is a waxy solid or slightly off-white powder of indefinite melting point with a weak, chemical odor.
Melting point	107-110 °C(lit.)
Boiling point	440.74°C (rough estimate)
density	1.556 g/cm3
vapor pressure	0.5 at 25 °C (extrapolated from vapor pressures determined at higher temperatures, Tesconi andYalkowsky, 1998)
refractive index	1.755
Fp	72 °C
storage temp.	APPROX 4°C
solubility	Chloroform: Slightly Soluble; Methanol: Heated
form	neat
Water Solubility	Practically insoluble in water
Stability:	Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, iron and aluminium and their salts, alkalies.
Merck	13,2861
BRN	1882657
Henry's Law Constant	0.188 at 5 °C, 0.513 at 15 °C, 0.681 at 20 °C, 0.957 at 25 °C, 2.76 at 35 °C:in 3% NaCl solution: 1.15 at 5 °C, 1.88 at 15 °C, 3.36 at 25 °C, 5.43 at 35 °C (gas stripping-GC, Cetin et al., 2006)
Exposure limits	NIOSH REL: 0.5 mg/m3, IDLH 500 mg/m3; OSHA PEL: TWA 1 mg/m3; ACGIH TLV: TWA 1 mg/m3.
Contact allergens	This insecticide was formerly reported as a sensitizer in farmers or agricultural workers. less more
IARC	2A (Vol. Sup 7, 53, 113) 2018
EPA Substance Registry System	p,p'-DDT (50-29-3)

Safety Data

Hazard Codes	T,N,Xi,F,Xn
Risk Statements	25-40-48/25-50/53-36/37/38-11-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-52/53-24-67-65-38 less more
Safety Statements	22-36/37-45-60-61-36-33-26-16-7-62 less more
RIDADR	UN 2811 6.1/PG 3
WGK Germany	3
RTECS	KJ3325000
HazardClass	6.1(b)
PackingGroup	III
Safety Profile	Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, tumorigenic, and teratogenic data. Human poison by ingestion. Experimental poison by ingestion, skin contact, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: anesthetic, convulsions, headache, analgesia, cardiac arrhythmias, nausea or vomiting, sweating, and unspecified pulmonary changes. Human mutation data reported. An insecticide. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-. See also CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS, AROiWTIC. dangerous though not fatal to a human. This dose was taken by 5 persons who vomited an unknown portion of the material and even so recovered only incompletely after 5 weeks. Smaller doses produced less important symptoms with relatively rapid recovery. Experimental ingestion of 1.5 g resulted in great discomfort and moderate neurological changes including paresthesia, tremor, moderate ataxia, exaggeration of part of the reflexes, headache, and fatigue. Vomiting followed only after 11 hours. Recovery was complete on the following day. The fatal dose of DDT for humans is not known. Judgmg from the literature, no one has ever been killed by DDT in the absence of other insecticides and/or a variety of toxic solvents. However, these common solvent formulations are highly fatal when taken in small doses, partly because of the toxicity of the solvent, and perhaps because of the increased absorbabihty of the DDT; several fatal cases in humans have been reported. Little is known of the hazard of chronic DDT poisoning. Human volunteers have ingested up to 35 mg/day for 21 months with no dl effects. products, particularly DDE, are stored in fat. This storage effect leads to a concentration of DDT at higher levels of the food chain. DDT stored in the fat is at least largely inactive since a greater total dose may be stored in an experimental animal than is sufficient as a lethal dose for that same animal if given at one time. A study based on 75 human cases reported an average of 5.3 ppm of DDT stored in the fat. A higher content of DDT and its derivatives (up to 434 pprn of DDE and 648 ppm of DDT) was found in workers who had very extensive exposure. Without exception, the samples were taken from persons who were either asymptomatic or suffering from some disease completely unrelated to DDT. Careful hospital examination of workers who had been very extensively exposed and who had volunteered for examination revealed no abnormahty that could be attributed to DDT. Much higher levels have been found in humans than have been observed in the fat of experimental animals that were apparently asymptomatic. DDT stored in the fat is eluninated only very gradually when further dosage is discontinued. However, weight loss can speed the release of this stored DDT (and DDE) into the blood. After a single dose, the secretion of DDT in the milk and its excretion in the urine reach their height within a day or two and continue at a lower level thereafter. less more
Hazardous Substances Data	50-29-3(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicity	LD50 in male, female rats (mg/kg): 113, 118 orally (Gaines, 1960) less more
IDLA	500 mg/m3

Raw materials And Preparation Products

Hazard Information

Chemical Properties

colourless to white crystalline powder

Chemical Properties

DDT was extensively used during World War II among the Allied troops and certain civilian populations to control insect typhus and malaria vectors. Application of DDT became extensive because of easy control of a large number of crop pests and vectors of human diseases. Humans are exposed to DDT because of different activities and many factors. These include, but are not limited to, (i) consumption of eating contaminated foods, such as root and leafy vegetable, fatty meat, fi sh, and poultry, but levels are very low; (ii) eating contaminated imported foods from countries that still allow the use of DDT to control pests; (iii) breathing contaminated air or drinking contaminated water near waste sites and landfi lls that may contain higher levels of these chemicals; (iv) infants fed on breast milk from mothers who have been exposed; and (v) breathing or swallowing soil particles near waste sites or landfi lls that contain these chemicals. By the 1970s, it was obvious that overuse and misuse of DDT was associated with environmental and health effects. Eventually, in June 1972, the US EPA cancelled all use of DDT on crops except in certain cases of disease control where the US EPA allowed a limited use of DDT. However, many tropical countries are still using DDT for the control of malaria. Use of DDT was banned in Sweden in 1970 and in the United States in 1972. In view of its large-scale use over the decades, many insect pests may have developed resistance to DDT. It is no longer registered for use in the United States barring a public health emergency, e.g., an outbreak of malaria. The latest group meeting by 110 countries on DDT met in Geneva (September 17, 1999) to phase out the production of DDT and impose a total ban on its use even for public health purposes. The conference agree on the conclusion for a global ban on DDT. Absence of a suitable substitute for DDT in the control of malaria and the absence of an antimalaria vaccine necessitates the continuing use of DDT for malaria control

Uses

4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is a synthetic organochlorine insecticide. 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane functions by opening sodium ion channels in the insects’neurons, causing them to f ire spontaneously which in turn leads to death. 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is banned for agricultural use in North America, it is still commonly used in some countries and particularly as a means of malaria control.

Definition

ChEBI: A chlorophenylethane that is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-diphenylethane substituted by additional chloro substituents at positions 4 of the phenyl substituents. It is a commonly used organochlorine insecticide.

Uses

Contact insecticide.

General Description

Odorless colorless solid. Sinks in water.

Air & Water Reactions

Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

4,4'-DDT may react with iron, aluminum, aluminum and iron salts, and alkalis. 4,4'-DDT is incompatible with ferric chloride and aluminum chloride. 4,4'-DDT can also react with strong oxidizing materials. .

Health Hazard

Very large doses are followed promptly by vomiting, due to local gastric irritation; delayed emesis or diarrhea may occur. With smaller doses, symptoms usually appear 2-3 hours after ingestion. These include tingling of lips, tongue, and face; malaise, headache, sore throat, fatigue, coarse tremors of neck, head, and eyelids; apprehension, ataxia, and confusion. Convulsions may alternate with periods of coma and partial paralysis. Vital signs are essentially normal, but in severe poisoning the pulse may be irregular and abnormally slow; ventricular fibrillation and sudden death may occur at any time during acute phase. Pulmonary edema usually indicates solvent intoxication.

Health Hazard

Exposures to high concentrations of DDT cause adverse health effects and poisoning among occupational workers. The symptoms of toxicity include, but are not limited to, tremors, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, vomiting, numbness, paresthesias, hyperexcitability, and convulsions. Chronic exposures to DDT caused adverse effects on the nervous system, liver, kidneys, and immune systems in experimental animals. Laboratory rats and mice given DDT (16–32 and 6.5–13 mg/kg for about 26 weeks and 80–140 weeks, respectively) experienced the tremors. Laboratory studies with non-human primates given DDT (10 mg/kg/ day over 100 days) showed changes in the cellular chemistry of the CNS and at higher doses (50 mg/kg/day) caused loss of equilibrium in animals. Prolonged exposures to DDT caused adverse effects in species of animals, i.e., rats, mice, hamsters, dogs, and monkeys, showing pathomorphological changes in the liver, kidney, CNS, and adrenal glands. Humans exposed to DDT have shown many adverse effects, i.e., nausea, diarrhea, increased liver enzyme activity, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, disturbed gait, malaise and excitability; at higher doses, tremors and convulsions. It has been reported that the health effects of DDT in humans exposed to different doses and for different periods of poisoning include sweating, headache, nausea, and convulsions. It is very important to remember that earlier fi ndings on the toxicological effects of DDT in animals and humans, as reported above, require further confi rmatory data since the studies did not observe the GLP regulations. Therefore, the potential hazards of DDT to human health and environmental safety require careful evaluations.

Potential Exposure

DDT is a low-cost broad-spectrum insecticide. However, following an extensive review of health and environmental hazards of the use of DDT, United States Environmental Protection Agency decided to ban further use of DDT in December 1972. This decision was based on several properties of DDT that had been well evidenced : DDT and its metabolites are toxicants with long-term persistence in soil and water ; it is widely dis- persed by erosion, runoff, and volatization ; and the low- water solubility and high lipophilicity of DDT result in concentrated accumulation of DDT in the fat of wildlife and humans which may be hazardous.

First aid

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Speed in removing material from skin is of extreme importance. Shampoo hair promptly if con- taminated. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

Shipping

UN2761 Organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.

Incompatibilities

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire and explosion hazard. Incompatible with salts of iron or aluminum, and bases. Do not store in iron containers

Description

DDT is a polychlorinated persistent chemical that exists as a solid under normal conditions.Even though DDT seemed to be a cheap and effective pesticide, enough was known in its early development to raise concerns. DDT is a persistent chemical that lasts a long time in the environment. DDT is fat-soluble and not readily metabolized by higher organisms. Th is meant that DDT accumulated in the fat tissues of higher organisms.

Waste Disposal

Incineration has been success- fully used on a large scale for several years; huge incinera- tor equipment with scrubbers to catch HCl, a combustion product, are in use at several facilities, such as Hooker Chemical, Dow Chemical and other producers of chlori- nated hydrocarbon products. One incinerator operates @ 900 C 1400 C with air and steam added which precludes formation of Cl2. A few companies also constructed incinerator-scrubber combinations of smaller size, e.g., a system built by Garver-Davis, Inc., of Cleveland, Ohio, for the Canadian government, can handle 200 500 lb DDT/ day as a kerosene solution. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by follow- ing package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations govern- ing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal.

Physical properties

Whites crystals or waxy solid, with a faint, fragrant, aromatic-like odor. Tasteless. Odor threshold concentration is 200 ppb (quoted, Keith and Walters, 1992) and in water, 350 μg/kg (Sigworth, 1964).

Pharmacology

DDT is a nerve poison that affects the sodium channel of nerve membranes. It is a nonsystemic insecticide with contact and stomach action. The most important reactions of DDT (1) are dehydrochlorination to DDE (2) and reductive dechlorination to DDD (3). These reactions occur abiotically, in vivo and in soils. The products resemble DDT in their recalcitrance toward environmental degradation. The stability of DDT and its principal metabolites DDD and DDE, in combination with their lipid solubility and resistance to biological degradation, resulted in their bioconcentration in fish and other organisms exposed to extremely low levels of these compounds in water. Although metabolism of DDT in mammals may proceed via DDD to give 4,4- dichlorodiphenylacetic acid (5), DDE is also formed and stored in fat. It may be slowly depleted by oxidative reactions, and ringhydroxylated derivativeshave been detected in mammals and wildlife samples. Consumption of DDT residues in wildlife and fish by predators resulted in adverse effects.

Toxicology

Although DDT [1,1-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)bis(4-chlorobenzene)] has been banned in the United States since 1972, it remains one of the best-known synthetic pesticides. Because DDT is a very nonpolar molecule, it has high lipid solubility. Since DDT is also extremely stable, it accumulates in animal tissues and in the food chain. DDT is still one of the most abundant pesticide residues in food. During the 40 years following DDT s commercial introduction in the 1940s, more than 4 billion pounds were used to control insect-borne diseases. Until 1972, DDT was widely used in the United States, mostly on cotton, peanuts, and soybeans. As a result of its use, DDT residues are now ubiquitous in the environment, and at the present time, some level can be detected in almost all biological and environmental samples. In addition, due to its high lipid solubility, DDT concentrates in milk. When DDT was widely used, levels in human milk and adipose tissue were found to be higher than concentrations permitted in meat and dairy products. However, since its use has been prohibited, storage levels of DDT in human tissue have declined significantly. DDT is, however, still in use in other countries, largely to control insect-borne diseases that pose a substantial threat to public health.

Carcinogenicity

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Environmental Fate

Biological. In four successive 7-day incubation periods, p,p′-DDT (5 and 10 mg/L) was recalcitrant to degradation in a settled domestic wastewater inoculum (Tabak et al., 1981).
The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium degraded p,p′-DDT yielding the following metabolites: 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDD), 2,2,2- trichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol (dicofol), 2,2-dichloro-1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl) e
Mineralization of p,p′-DDT by the white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Phellinus weirri and Polyporus versicolor was also demonstrated (Bumpus and Aust, 1987). Aerobacter aerogenes degraded p,p′-DDT under aerobic conditions to p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, 1-chloro
Under aerobic conditions, the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii (Neff strain ATCC 30.010) degraded p,p′-DDT to p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and dibenzophenone (Pollero and dePollero, 1978).
Incubation of p,p′-DDT with hematin and ammonia gave p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, bis(pchlorophenyl) acetonitrile, 1-chloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene, 4,4′-dichlorobenzophenone and the methyl ester of bis(p-chlorophenyl)acetic acid (Quirke et al., 1979).

Metabolic pathway

Upon UV irradiation with methyl oleate, DDT is extensively added to the carbon ? carbon double bond of methyloleate via radical mechanisms. Besides chlorinated stearic acids, several addition products are formed, offering new possibilities to produce bound residues in plants. A mixture of hemin and excess cysteine (the hemin ? cysteine model system) is able to degrade DDT partially and the major degradation products are three water-soluble, non-toxic conjugates of DDT metabolites with cysteine which lose two or three of the five chlorine atoms of DDT. In the presence of a designed 24-residue polypeptide or b-casein, two DDT-binding proteins, an additional fourfold increase in the rate of DDT degradation is observed. Although the concentrations of DDT and cysteine occurring in an organism would be expected to be lower than those in the experiments described, the formation of water-soluble conjugates of DDT with cysteine (and other amino acids) could also play a role in metabolism and excretion of DDT in vivo.

Metabolism

DDT decomposed very slowly in sunlight, and 93% was recovered unchanged from the surface of an apple after 3 months. DDE decomposed more rapidly than DDT in sunlight. Other reports indicate that DDT was photolyzed under field conditions to give products, including DDE, 4,4- dichlorobenzophenone (6), 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride, 4- chlorobenzoic acid, and 4-chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzoate. Irradiation of DDT at shorter wavelengths under laboratory conditions gave a variety of products that arose from reactions of photolytically generated radicals.

Solubility in organics

In g/L: Benzyl benzoate (420), carbon tetrachloride (450), chlorobenzene (740), cyclohexanone(1,160), gasoline (100), isopropanol (30), kerosene (80–100), morpholine (750), peanut oil (110), pine oil (100–160), tetralin (610), tributyl phosphate (500) (Windholz et al., 1983). 95.4 g/kg in triolein at 25 °C (Chiou and Manes, 1986)
In wt %: acetone (21.2 at 0 °C, 27.3 at 7.2 °C, 40.3 at 24.0 °C, 59.0 at 48.0 °C); benzene (6.8 at 0 °C, 27.1 at 7.2 °C, 44.0 at 24.0 °C, 59.3 at 48.0 °C; carbon tetrachloride (9.0 at 0 °C, 10.5 at 7.2 °C, 18.0 at 24.0 °C, 34.8 at 45.0 °C); chloroform (18.2 at 0 °C, 21.9 at 7.2 °C, 31.0 at 24.0 °C, 47.4 at 45.0 °C); 1,4-dioxane (8 at 0 °C, 29 at 7.2 °C, 46 at 24.0 °C, 61 at 48 °C); ethyl ether (15.0 at 0 °C, 18.9 at 7.2 °C, 27.5 at 24.0 °C); 95% ethanol (0.8 at 0 °C, 1.0 at 7.2 °C, 2.2 at 24.0 °C, 3.9 at 48.0 °C); pyridine (21 at 0 °C, 36 at 7.2 °C, 51 at 24.0 °C, 62 at 48.0 °C) (Gunther, 1945)

Solubility in water

storage

Color Code—Blue: Health Hazard/Poison: Storein a secure poison location. Prior to working with DDT youshould be trained on its proper handling and storage. Storein tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated areaaway from strong oxidizers, strong bases, and heat. Shouldnot be stored in iron containers. A regulated, marked areashould be established where this chemical is handled, used,or stored in compliance with OSHA Standard 1910.1045

Purification Methods

Crystallise DDT from n-propyl alcohol (5mL/g), then dry it in air or an air oven at 50-60o. Alternatively crystallise it from 95% EtOH, and the purity is checked by TLC. [Beilstein 5 III 1833.] TOXIC INSECTICIDE.

Degradation

DDT decomposes thermally with elimination of hydrogen chloride in alkaline solution and at temperatures above its melting point (the technical product has m.p. 108.5-109 °C) to form DDE (2). When dissolved in a proton donor solvent, such as methanol, DDT decomposes thermally (e.g. in a heated metal gas chromatographic inlet) to give products that include DDD (3).
In sunlight, decomposition of DDT was slow and 93% could be recovered unchanged from the surface of an apple after three months. DDE decomposed more rapidly in sunlight. Other reports have indicated that DDT is susceptible to photolysis under field conditions and products included DDE (2), 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone (5), 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride, 4-chlorobenzoic acid and 4-chlorophenyl4-chlorobenzoate (see Scheme 1).
Although DDT is resistant to photolysis at longer wavelengths, at shorter wavelengths it gives a variety of products that arise from the reactions of photolytically-generated radicals. The identity of products and the composition of the product mixture depend on the solvent and the presence or absence of oxygen. Scheme 1 also shows some of the many compounds that have been isolated or detected after irradiation of DDT in solvents by energetic ultraviolet irradiation (less than 260 nm).
Irradiated at around 260 nm in methanol, DDT yields a complex mixture of products. In methanol under nitrogen, major products were DDD (3) and 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2-chloroethylene(DDMU, 4).

Toxicity evaluation

The acute oral gavage LD₅₀ of p,p- DDT in the rat is about 150 mg/kg. The dermal toxicity is approximately 10-fold lower. The o,p-DDT isomer is over 20-fold less toxic by oral ingestion than is p,p-DDT. The hamster appears to be resistant to acute and chronic toxic effects. Following a single dose, young rats are less susceptible than are adults to the toxic effects of p,p-DDT, but this difference is not apparent with repeated doses. Amongseveral possible explanations, it has been suggested that young rats are less susceptible than are adults to DDTinduced hyperthermia.

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50-29-3

Chemical Properties

Safety Data

Raw materials And Preparation Products

Raw materials

Preparation Products

Hazard Information

Chemical Properties

Chemical Properties

Uses

Definition

Uses

General Description

Air & Water Reactions

Reactivity Profile

Health Hazard

Health Hazard

Potential Exposure

First aid

Shipping

Incompatibilities

Description

Waste Disposal

Physical properties

Pharmacology

Toxicology

Carcinogenicity

Environmental Fate

Metabolic pathway

Metabolism

Solubility in organics

Solubility in water

storage

Purification Methods

Degradation

Toxicity evaluation

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