Description
Hypericin, which is widely found in various plants, such as Hypericum, Rosaceae,
Campanulaceae, Labiatae, Rhododendron, Asteraceae Kwai, Garciniaceae,
Leguminosae, Euonymus, and other fruits and whole grass, is a flavonoid compound.
Chemical Properties
Yellow Solid
Physical properties
Appearance: yellowish needlelike crystals. Melting point: 227–229 °C. Specific
optical rotation: ?83° (c = 0.2, pyridine). Solubility: soluble in ethanol, methanol,
acetone, and pyridine. Hydrochloric acid–magnesium powder reaction yielded formation
of cherry red; ferric chloride reaction was green; α-naphthol reaction was
positive.
History
In 1960, Nair et al. isolated hyperin from redosier dogwood, in which its content
is 0.075%. Flavonoids in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
play a pivotal role, among which rutin is a typical representative. Isoquetin mainly presents in the leaves of kumquat flowers and the oleander plant kenaf, and it can also be obtained by chemical synthesis. It shows an anti-inflammatory effect through the capillary permeability test and other animal experiments. It also has a toxic effect on the larvae of Chilohabala larvae. It is one of the active ingredients of Hypericum japonicum, which is used in the treatment of hepatitis because of its inhibition of the activities of hepatic enzyme.
Uses
A major flavonoid in apple peels; a bioactive constituent of apple peels
Definition
ChEBI: A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.
Indications
This product is available in the British Pharmacopoeia (2017) and the European
Pharmacopoeia (9.0th ed.).
Monomeric compounds are currently used clinically. In clinical practice, hypericin
is the main active ingredient of proprietary Chinese medicines, such as
Acanthopanax capsules, of which Acanthopanax stem and leaf extract are the raw
materials for the preparation. Xin’an capsules, prepared with hawthorn leaf extract,
are rich in flavonoids, in which hyperoside, a kind of flavonoid, is one of the main
components. Qi yue lipid-lowering tablets are prepared from the effective parts of
Chinese medicinal herbs such as hawthorn (Nucleation) and Astragalus membranaceus.
Flavonoid is one of the main active ingredients in hawthorn, in which hyperoside
content is higher. Xinxuening tablets, containing ursolic acid, vitexin
rhamnoside, hyperoside, citric acid, and others, is a preparation made from hawthorn
and pueraria and other traditional Chinese medicines, in which hawthorn
enhances the actions of the medicine. Clinical indications of Xinxuening tablets are
coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, chest tightness, palpitations, high blood
pressure, arrhythmia, hyperlipidemia, and mental depression.
General Description
Produced and qualified by HWI pharma services GmbH.
Exact content by quantitative NMR can be found on the certificate.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Protects against peroxide-induced oxidative damage to cells by scavenging reactive oxygen species and enhancing activity of anti-oxidant enzymes, in particular, catalase and glutathione peroxidase.
Pharmacology
Hyperoside has a protective effect against myocardial ischemia. It achieves its protective effect on the myocardium by reducing the apoptosis rate of myocardial cells,
inhibiting myocardial cell lactate dehydrogenase release, enhancing anti-freeradical
effect , and inhibiting calcium influx so as to .
Hyperoside has a protective effect against cerebral ischemia. Hyperoside can
significantly lower oxygen-free radicals, reduce the content of malondialdehyde
and NO in brain tissue, inhibit the decrease of the activity of LDH, SOD and glutathione
peroxidase, and hence result in reduced brain energy, and improve the antianoxic
ability . At the same time, hyperoside can reduce the degree of cerebral edema in ischemia-reperfusion rats .
Hypericin has a significant local analgesic effect that is weaker than that of morphine
and stronger than that of aspirin and does not create dependency; it is a new
type of local analgesic. Studies have shown that the analgesic effect of hyperoside
occurs by reducing the Ca2 + of the pain nerve, thereby inhibiting high potassium-induced
Ca2 + influx, which distinguishes it from morphine and aspirin .
Hyperoside has a significant anti-inflammatory effect and a strong cough effect and inhibits the role of eye aldose reductase, which may be beneficial for the prevention
of diabetic cataracts. Hypericin has an obvious protective effect on liver tissue and gastric mucosa , and its mechanism is related to antioxidant activity and the promotion of a normal return of NO level and improvement of SOD activity.
Hyperoside significantly enhances immune function. In vivo, hyperoside has a significant inhibitory effect on spleen B, T lymphocyte proliferation and peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis, and mouse thymus index; in vitro hyperoside, at a concentration
of 6.25–100 μg/mL, significantly enhanced B, T lymphocyte proliferation and promoted the production of interleukin 2 in T lymphocytes .
In addition, hypericin still has hypolipidemic and antidepressant pharmacological
effects. Its derivative rutin has anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. Another
derivative, quercetin, is effective at inhibiting expectorant, cough, and asthma for
use in the treatment of chronic bronchitis, coronary heart disease, and hypertension.
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