Description
6PPD-quinone(2754428-18-5) is an oxidized derivative of the tire antiozonant and substituted p-phenylenediamine 6-PPD. It is toxic to rainbow trout (O. mykiss) and brook trout (S. fontinalis; LC50s = 0.59 and 1.96 μg/L, respectively) but not to arctic char (S. alpinus) and white sturgeon (A. transmontanus; LC50s = >12.7 μg/L for both). 6PPD-quinone (10 μg/L) induces cell death and germline DNA damage and decreases the number of mitotic cells in C. elegans gonads. Urine levels of 6-PPD-quinone are increased in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant adults and children.
Uses
6PPD-Q (6PPD-Quinone) is an environmental pollutant that can be detected in human urine and is widely present in the environment. 6PPD-Q targets and binds to CNR2, CNR1, AA2AR, LCAT, and TRPA1, with CNR2 exhibiting the highest binding affinity, potentially acting as a CNR2 receptor agonist to activate cannabinoid receptors. 6PPD-Q induces intestinal inflammation and barrier damage by disrupting mitochondrial function, reducing neuronal glycolysis metabolites and TCA cycle intermediates, and exacerbating α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation.
6PPD-Q is applicable in research on environmental toxicology, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammation-related disorders[1].
Biochem/physiol Actions
Studies have shown that 6PPD/6PPD-quinone(2754428-18-5) can interact with human serum albumin (HSA). It spontaneously inserts into the I-site of HSA, forming a binary complex that induces changes in the secondary structure of HSA. However, their effects on the esterase-like activity of HSA are polarised. 6PPD activates the esterase-like activity of HSA, whereas 6PPD-quinone inhibits it. Molecular docking analyses showed that 6PPD and 6PPD-quinone interact with many amino acid residues on HSA, including TRP214, ARG222, ARG218, ALA291, and PHE211. π-electrons on the benzene ring of 6PPD/6PPD-quinone play a key role in maintaining the stability of the complex. In addition, the stronger binding affinity between 6PPD and HSA compared to 6PPD-quinone could be attributed to the greater negative surface potential of 6PPD.
Safety
6PPD-quinone (6PPD-q,2754428-18-5) is an oxidation product of the antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) present in rubber. Studies have shown that 6PPD and 6PPD- q are also present in human urine, including adults, children, and pregnant women, and that urinary 6PPD- q concentrations were significantly higher than 6PPD; pregnant women had significantly higher concentrations of 6PPD and 6PPD- q (median 0.068 and 2.91 ng/mL, respectively) than adults (0.018 and 0.40 ng/mL) and children (0.015 and 0.076 ng/mL). The high daily urinary excretion of 6PPD-Q in pregnant women was estimated to be 273 (ng/kg bw)/day. 6PPD-Q is a lethal toxicant to a wide range of aquatic species, and its potential risk to human health from long-term exposure requires urgent attention.
in vivo
6PPD-Q (0.1, 1, 10, 100 μg/kg, p.o., once daily for 21 days) induces intestinal injury in ICR mice, characterized by increased inflammatory response in the jejunum and ileum and impaired intestinal barrier integrity[3].
| Animal Model: | 6PPD-Q-induced intestinal injury ICR mouse model[3] |
| Dosage: | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 μg/kg |
| Administration: | Oral gavage (p.o.), once daily for 21 days |
| Result: | Dose-dependently disrupted intestinal barrier integrity, primarily affecting the jejunum and ileum, with no significant impact on the duodenum and colon. At exposure doses ≥10 μg/kg, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 levels significantly increased, indicating intestinal inflammation. |
IC 50
α-synuclein Aggregation
References
[1] Du B, et al. First report on the occurrence of N-(1, 3-dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) and 6PPD-quinone as pervasive pollutants in human urine from south China. Environ Sci Technol Lett, 2022, 9(12): 1056-1062.
[2] Fang J, et al. 6PPD-quinone exposure induces neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction to exacerbate Lewy neurites formation induced by α-synuclein preformed fibrils seeding. J Hazard Mater. 2024 Mar 5;465:133312. DOI:
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133312[3] Yang Y, et al. Environmentally realistic dose of tire-derived metabolite 6PPD-Q exposure causes intestinal jejunum and ileum damage in mice via cannabinoid receptor-activated inflammation[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2024, 918: 170679. DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170679
