Chemical Properties
yellowish to reddish-brown powder
Description
Povidone-iodine is an iodophor. A 10% povidoneiodine
solution contains 1% available iodine, but free
iodine is at a concentration of 0.001%. Occupational
exposure can cause irritant rather than allergie contact
dermatitis in healtheare workers.
Originator
Betadine ,Purdue Frederick ,US ,1957
History
Povidone iodine (PI) is frequently used during surgical preparation, postoperative wound cleaning and dressing. It was described by Shelaski about seventy years ago (Shelanski and Shelanski, 1956). PI consists of the complex structure of povidone, a polymer that is structurally similar to plasma proteins, and the iodine element, which has antimicrobial properties. The function of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) used as a polymer includes increasing iodine solubility and penetration, decreasing iodine ion concentration and keeping iodine bound. However, PVP does not have antimicrobial properties. Shelanski defined this complex structure as 'iodophor' (Shelanski and Shelanski, 1956).
Application
Povidone iodine is a broad spectrum antiseptic for topical application. It is used in first aid for minor cuts, grazes, burns, abrasions and blisters. Povidone iodine has broad applications in medicine as a surgical scrub; for pre- and post-operative skin cleansing.
Preparation
Povidone Iodine Solution is an antiseptic and disinfectant agent. The preparation method of povidone iodine: be that 1.17% potassium iodide is dissolved in part water in 10% water by mass percent, 2.34% iodine is added to wherein stirring and dissolving, be mixed with iodine solution standby; 0.01% stability auxiliary agent is dissolved in part water 10% water standby; In complex reaction still, add remaining water, open and stir, dropping into 10.0% polyvinylpyrrolidone k30 dissolves, then substep adds above-mentioned two kinds of solution that prepare, finally add 7.5% solvent normal propyl alcohol, after feeding intake, allow reactant mixture at 20 ℃, react 2 hours, react complete mixture is lowered the temperature and obtained betagen solution.
Manufacturing Process
12 g of dry polyvinylpyrrolidone having a K value of 90 (water content about 2 to 3%) was added to 6 g of solid iodine crystals in a glass bottle containing a few pebbles and beads. This was rolled for 3 days on a roller mill with occasional manual stirring to loosen the material caked on the sides of the bottle. Analysis showed that the thus-obtained product contained 35.4% total iodine and 31.91% available iodine. The material was heat-treated at 95°C for 64 hours in a closed glass bottle with occasional stirring. On completion of this treatment, analysis showed that the material contained 35.3% total iodine, 25.7% available iodine, according to US Patent 2,706,701.
Brand name
Betadine (Alcon); E-Z Prep (Becton Dickinson Microbiology).
Therapeutic Function
Topical antiinfective
Biological Activity
Povidone iodine is a microcide with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoans. It reduces total anaerobic and aerobic bacterial counts in vitro in dog feces when applied topically as a 10% solution. Povidone iodine decreases bacterial counts and the occurrence of anastomotic leaks in a dog model of emergent resection and anastomosis of the sigmoid colon when applied in situ at a concentration of 10% v/v. Topical administration of povidone iodine (10% v/v) also reduces bacterial counts on the skin of cynomolgus monkeys. Formulations containing povidone iodine have been used to disinfect skin before and after surgery.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
An iodophore antiseptic, povidone iodine is rapidly bactericidal (against gram-positive and – negative bacteria) at low concentration.
Also fungicidal and sporicidal (as a 1% aqueous solution). It is commonly used as a topical pre-surgical skin cleaner/antiseptic, but is
infrequently used in small animal dermatology due to its drying, irritating and staining effects.
Povidone acts by slowly releasing iodine to tissues. Indicated for superficial pyoderma and Malassezia dermatitis.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Dilute solutions of povidone iodine (1% – 5%) have been utilized
for chemical debridement of loose epithelium in canine indolent
ulcers. 5% povidone iodine has also been used as an antifungal for
fungal keratitis, but must be lavaged from the eye within 5 minutes
to prevent damage to corneal epithelium. Generally, povidone iodine is only used once daily and then rinsed off when used in the eye
as an anti-fungal. There has also been a renewed interest in utilizing
povidone iodine in treating feline herpes keratitis. Solutions of
commercially available 10% povidone iodine are diluted in physiologic
saline to concentrations of 0.5 – 1% and applied 1 drop twice
to four times daily for treatment of chronic feline herpes keratitis
and may also be used prophylactically for feline herpes-virus (FHV)
cats with a history of recurring ulcer.
References
[1] MAREN EGGERS. Povidone-iodine hand wash and hand rub products demonstrated excellent in vitro virucidal efficacy against Ebola virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara, the new European test virus for enveloped viruses.[J]. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2015: 375. DOI:
10.1186/s12879-015-1111-9[2] F E JONES R E C J J DeCosse. Evaluation of “instant” preparation of the colon with povidone-iodine.[J]. Annals of surgery, 1976, 184 1: 74-79. DOI:
10.1097/00000658-197607000-00013[3] HIKARU NAKATA. Effects of olanexidine gluconate on preoperative skin preparation: an experimental study in cynomolgus monkeys.[J]. Journal of medical microbiology, 2017, 66 5: 678-685. DOI:
10.1099/jmm.0.000462
