Description
Roflumilast(162401-32-3) is a selective, orally active PDE4 inhibitor thatwas approved
in Germany in July 2010 as an add-on to bronchodilator treatment for
maintenance therapy of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
(COPD) associated with chronic bronchitis in adult patients with a history
of frequent exacerbations .
Roflumilast and its primary metabolite roflumilast N-oxide are potent and
competitive inhibitors of PDE4 and are equipotent against PDE4A, B, andD
but inactive against PDE4C and the other ten members of the PDE family
(PDEs 1–3, 5–11). Despite its inhibition of PDE4D (IC50=0.80 nM, N-oxide
IC50=2.0 nM), roflumilast shows the lowest incidence of nausea (3–5%)
among the PDE4 inhibitors investigated in clinical trials.Anti-inflammatory
effects of roflumilast have been demonstrated in preclinical cellular and
animal models. Roflumilast is synthesized in four steps from
3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The difluoromethyl
ether is introduced by alkylation of the free phenolic group with
chlorodifluoromethane and base. The aldehyde moiety is oxidized to the
benzoic acid, which is then converted to an acid chloride and coupled with
3,5-dichloro-4-aminopyridine.
Roflumilast is rapidly absorbed and metabolized to its active metabolite,
roflumilast N-oxide. Metabolism is mediated by CYP3A4
and CYP1A2.
Chemical Properties
Crystallin Solid
Originator
BYK Gulden Lomberg Chemische Fabrik GmbH (Germany)
Uses
Roflumilast(162401-32-3) is a selective, long-acting PDE-4 inhibitor approved in 2010 for the treatment of
inflammatory conditions of the lungs such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Marketed under the trade name Daxas?, roflumilast was developed by researchers at the
University of Liverpool in partnership with Nycomed. Although the dose-limiting side effects of the
drug are mild nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss, these symptoms subsided after a few weeks of
treatment.
Uses
Roflumilast (Daxas) is a selective inhibitor of PDE4 with IC50 of 0.2-4.3 nM.
Uses
Selective phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4) inhibitor. Antiasthmatic; in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Definition
ChEBI: A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine. Used for treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Biochem/physiol Actions
Roflumilast(162401-32-3) is a highly potent, orally active, and selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.8 nM. Roflumilast has anti-inflammatory properties and is used clinically to treat COPD.
Mechanism of action
Roflumilast(162401-32-3) is the more potent of the two drugs, and along with its active metabolite, roflumilast-N-oxide, it is nonselective in its
inhibitory action on PDE4B and PDE4D. The PDE4B appears to be the most closely linked to anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the
PDE4D receptor subtype is thought to be linked to nausea, possibly through a central effect. Roflumilast exhibits 80% oral
bioavailability and has an elimination half-life of 10 hours, whereas the N-oxide has an elimination half-life of 20 hours and has shown
no drug interactions. Clinical trials in patients with asthma or COPD are quite promising.
Clinical Use
Roflumilast is currently undergoing clinical trials in Europe for use in the treatment of both
asthma and COPD.
Side effects
Common side effects of Roflumilast(162401-32-3) include: diarrhoea, nausea, dizziness, headache, back pain, muscle cramps, loss of appetite and weight loss. Severe can lead to persistent diarrhoea, acute pancreatitis, significant weight loss and psychiatric symptoms (such as anxiety, depression, insomnia and suicidal tendencies). In addition, the incidence of prostate, lung and colorectal cancer is significantly higher.
Synthesis
The straightforward preparation of roflumilast begins with commercially available
methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (130). Alkylation of the more reactive 3-
hydroxyl group with (bromomethyl)cyclopropane (131) preceded a second alkylation of the remaining
p-phenol with chlorodifluoromethane in aqueous sodium hydroxide. These phase-transfer conditions
saponified the ester within 130 and after acidic quench, carboxylic acid 132 was ultimately furnished in
excellent yield (97%) over the three step protocol. Activation of 132 as the corresponding acyl halide
through use of thionyl chloride (SOCl2) and subsequent exposure to commercial aminopyridine 133
provided roflumilast (XII) in 81% yield.
target
cAMP | ROS | IL Receptor | PDE
References
1) Hatzelmann?et al.?(2010),?The preclinical pharmacology of roflumilast—a selective, oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Pulm, Pharmacol. Ther.,?23?235
2) Rabe?et al.?(2011),?Update on roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Br. J. Pharmacol,?163?53
3) Heckman?et al.?(2018),?Acute administration of roflumilast enhances sensory gating in healthy young humans in a randomized trial; Psychopharmacology (Berl.),?235?301
4) Vanmierlo?et al.?(2016),?The PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast improves memory in rodents at non-emetic doses;?Behav. Brain Res.,?303?26
5) Tikoo?et al.?(2014),?Calorie restriction mimicking effects of roflumilast prevents diabetic nephropathy; Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun.,?450?1581
6) Mollmann?et al.?(2017),?The PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast reduced weight gain by increasing energy expenditure and leads to improved glucose metabolism; Diabetes Obes. Metab.,?19?496
