Chemical Properties
Off-White to Pale Yellow Solid
Uses
Macrolide antibiotic isolated from a strain of Streptomycetes fradiae found in soil from Thailand. Antibacterial.
Uses
Tylosin is a 16-membered macrocyclic lactone isolated from Streptomyces fradiae in 1961. Tylosin has broad spectrum antibacterial activity and was developed as a veterinary pharmaceutical for treatment of bacterial infections in a range of domestic animals . Tylosin acts by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis in bacteria.
Definition
ChEBI: A macrolide antibiotic that is tylonolide having monoand diglycosyl moieties attached to two of its hydroxy groups. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae.
Description
Occupational exposure concerns farmers,
breeders, animal-feed workers and veterinarians.
Indications
In cattle, tylosin is used for treatment of BRD caused by Mannheimia, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni (formerly Haemophilus somnus). It is used for interdigital necrobacillosis (foot rot) in cattle caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum or Bacteroides melaninogenicus. In pigs, it is used for treatment of swine arthritis caused by Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, swine pneumonia caused by Pasteurella spp., swine erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, swine dysentery associated with Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae, and proliferative enteropathy caused by L. intracellularis. For treatment in pigs, it is also added to feed (Type A–medicated feed article) or drinking water. In small animals, it is used for gram-positive soft tissue and skin infections. However, the most common use in dogs is for treatment of diarrhea, referred to as antibiotic-responsive diarrhea, that has not responded to other treatments. The etiology of the diarrhea is not known but may be caused by Clostridium or Camphylobacter. For this use, the powdered formulation (swine formulation) is most often added to food daily for maintenance.
Brand name
Tylan (Lilly).
Mechanism of action
Tylosin is a 16-membered macrolide approved for therapy of a variety of infections in pigs, cattle, dogs, and poultry (see indications below). It is formulated as tylosin tartrate or tylosin phosphate. Like other macrolide antibiotics, tylosin inhibits bacteria by binding to the 50S ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. Spectrum of activity is limited primarily to gram-positive aerobic bacteria. Clostridium and Campylobacter are usually sensitive. The spectrum also includes the bacteria that cause BRD. Escherichia coli and Salmonella are resistant. In pigs, Lawsonia intracellularis is sensitive.
Side effects
Tylosin may cause diarrhea in some animals. However, oral treatment for colitis in dogs has been administered for several months with safety. Skin reactions have been observed in pigs. Oral administration to horses has been fatal.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Although the injectable form of tylosin is approved for use in dogs
and cats, it is rarely used parenterally in those species. Oral tylosin
is sometimes recommended for the treatment of chronic colitis in
small animals (see Doses), but controlled studies documenting its
efficacy have not been performed.
Tylosin is also used clinically in cattle and swine for infections
caused by susceptible organisms.
Solubility in organics
soluble in lower alcohols, esters, ketones,chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene, ether, chloroform.
References
[1] BILJANA ARSIC . 16-membered macrolide antibiotics: a review[J]. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 2018, 51 3: Pages 283-298. DOI:
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.05.020[2] M. NICULAE. In vitro Synergistic Antimicrobial Activity of Romanian Propolis and Antibiotics against Escherichia coli Isolated from Bovine Mastitis[J]. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-napoca, 2015, 43 1: 327-334. DOI:
10.15835/nbha43210074[3] T G NAGARAJA M M C. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: a review.[J]. Journal of animal science, 1998, 76 1: 287-298. DOI:
10.2527/1998.761287x[4] F T JORDAN D K. The minimum inhibitory concentration of kitasamycin, tylosin and tiamulin for Mycoplasma gallisepticum and their protective effect on infected chicks.[J]. Avian Pathology, 1984, 13 2: 151-162. DOI:
10.1080/03079458408418520[5] MAURICE T. WASHINGTON . Monitoring tylosin and sulfamethazine in a tile-drained agricultural watershed using polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 612: Pages 358-367. DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.090
