炭酸ナトリウム

外観

白色の粉末又は粒

定義

本品は、炭酸の二ナトリウム塩であり、次の化学式で表される。

溶解性

水に溶けやすく、エタノールにほとんど溶けない。

解説

炭酸ナトリウム,工業的にはアンモニアソーダ法(ソルベー法)でつくる．炭酸水素ナトリウムを加熱分解すると無水物が得られる．無水物は白色の粉末．融点851 ℃．密度2.53 g cm－3．水100 g に対する溶解度は7.1 g(0 ℃)，48.5 g(104 ℃)．エタノール，エーテルに不溶．水溶液から晶出させると十水和物( ＜ 32.08 ℃)，七水和物(32.08～35.27 ℃)，一水和物( ＞ 35.27 ℃)が析出する．十水和物は単斜晶系結晶．密度1.44 g cm－3．空気中で風解して一水和物となる．一水和物は白色の斜方晶系結晶．密度2.25 g cm－3．潮解性で，100 ℃ で無水物となる．水溶液は加水分解して弱アルカリ性を示す．また，二酸化炭素を吸収して炭酸水素ナトリウムを生じる．化学工業上もっとも重要な化合物の一つである．せっけん，ガラス，水酸化ナトリウム，炭酸水素ナトリウムの原料，製紙，染料工業，洗濯用などに用いられ，分析試薬，食品添加物，医薬品としても用いられる．
森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）

用途

ガラス、石鹸、洗剤などの原料

用途

pH標準液(炭酸塩標準液)及び緩衝液の調製原料。

用途

汎用試薬。

用途

汎用試薬、調製液原料、炭酸塩緩衝液調製原料、中和剤、写真材料。

用途

食品添加物。

製造

炭酸ナトリウム,炭酸ソーダまたは単にソーダともいう．無水物はソーダ灰，十水和物は洗濯ソーダともよばれる．サーモナトライトとして一水和物が天然に産出する．

化粧品の成分用途

pH調整剤

効能

アルカリ化剤

主な用途／役割

ユリア樹脂系接着剤、メラミン樹脂系接着剤、フェノール樹脂系接着剤の触媒として使用される。

使用上の注意

吸湿性あり

説明

Sodium carbonate is known as soda ash or washing soda and is a heavily used inorganic compound. Approximately 45 million tons of soda ash are produced globally both naturally and synthetically. Soda ash is obtained naturally primarily from the mineral trona, but it can also be obtained from nahcolite (NaHCO3) and salt brine deposits. Trona is a freshwater sodium carbonate-bicarbonate evaporite, with the formula Na3CO3HCO3 .2H2O. The largest known deposit of trona is located in the Green River area of Wyoming, and other large deposits are found in Egypt’s Nile Valley and California’s Searles basin around the city of Trona. Soda ash is produced from mined trona by crushing and screening the ore and then heating it. Th is produces a soda ash mixed with impurities. Pure soda ash is obtained by dissolving the product and precipitating impurities combined with filtering processes.

化学的特性

Sodium carbonate, Na2C03, also known as soda or soda ash,is the most important of the industrial alkalis. It is a white or grayish-white, lumpy, water-soluble powder that loses its water of crystallization when heated. It decomposes at a temperature of about 852°C (1560°F). It exists in solution only. It is prepared by the combination of carbon dioxide and water.

物理的性質

Anhydrous sodium carbonate (soda ash, sal soda) is a white powder, which cakes and aggregates on exposure to air due to the formation of hydrates. The monohydrate, Na2CO3·H2O, is a white crystalline material, which is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol; r.d. 2.532; loses water at 109°C; m.p. 851°C. The decahydrate, Na2CO3·10H2O (washing soda), is a translucent efluorescent crystalline solid; r.d. 1.44; loses water at 32–34°C to give the monohydrate; m.p. 851°C.

天然物の起源

Ash is a tree found in regions of North America

来歴

Sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃, has been used historically for making glass, soap, and gunpowder. Along with potassium carbonate, known as potash, sodium carbonate was the basis of the alkali industry, which was one of the first major chemical industries. Throughout history, alkalis were obtained from natural sources. Soda ash was also produced by burning wood and leaching the ashes with water to obtain a solution that yielded soda ash when the water was boiled off. The name soda ash originates from the barilla plant, which was used to produce soda ash. The scientific name of this plant is Salsola soda, but it goes by the common names of sodawort or glasswort because the soda produced from it was used in making glass. Barilla is a common plant found in saline waters along the Mediterranean Sea in Spain and Italy. Barilla was dried and burned to produce soda ash. The depletion of European forests and international disputes made the availability of alkali salts increasingly uncertain during the latter part of the 18th century. LeBlanc proposed a procedure in 1783, and a plant based on LeBlanc’s method was opened in 1791. Unfortunately, LeBlanc’s association with French Royalty led to the confi scation of the plant at the time of the French Revolution. Furthermore, confl icting claims for LeBlanc’s method were made by several other chemists and he never received the reward.

使用

Soda ash is used in glass making, in production of sodium chemicals (such as sodium chromates, phosphates, and silicates), in the wood pulp industry, in production of soaps and detergents, in oil refining, in water softening, and in refining of nonferrous metals. In its hydrous crystallized form (Na2C03.10H2O), it is known as sal soda,washing soda,or soda crystals, not to be confused with baking soda,which is sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03). Its monohydrate form(Na2C03·H20) is the standard compound for scouring solutions.
When in solution, sodium carbonate creates less alkalinity than the hydroxides. A 0.1% solution creates a pH of 11;a fully saturated solution is 35%, which has a pH of 12.5.
The safety requirements for sodium carbonate, because of its lower alkalinity, can be considered less demanding than those for the related bicarbonates.

定義

Sodium carbonate is an organic sodium salt and a carbonate salt. A dibasic acid formed in small amounts in solution when carbon dioxide dissolves in water: CO2 + H2O=H2CO2It forms two series of salts: hydrogencarbonates (HCO3–) and carbonates (CO32-). The pure acid cannot be isolated.

調製方法

Sodium carbonate is produced on all continents of the world from its minerals. It is present in large deposits in Africa and the United States as either carbonate or trona, a mixed ore of equal molar amounts of carbonate and bicarbonate. However, about 70% of the world production of sodium carbonate is manufactured by the Solvay (ammonia soda) process, whereby ammonia is added to a solution of sodium chloride. Carbon dioxide is then bubbled through to precipitate the bicarbonate (NaHCO3) that is decomposed by heat-producing sodium carbonate. In the United States. all production is based on the minerals that contain sodium carbonate. Different qualities of sodium carbonate are produced: technical, food, and pharmaceutical grades.

一般的な説明

Sodium carbonate is a water soluble inorganic salt commonly used as a weak base. Its aqueous solution has the ability to uptake carbon dioxide. It can also catalyze the conversion of sewage sludge to liquid fuels.

安全性プロファイル

Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by inhalation and subcutaneous routes. Mlldly toxic by ingestion. Experimental reproductive effects. A skin and eye irritant. It migrates to food from packagmg materials. Can react violently with Al, P2O5, H2SO4, F2, Li, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Na2O

純化方法

It crystallises from water as the decahydrate which is redissolved in water to give a near-saturated solution. By bubbling CO2, NaHCO3 is precipitated. It is filtered off, washed and ignited for 2hours at 280o [MacLaren & Swinehart J Am Chem Soc 73 1822 1951]. Before being used as a volumetric standard, analytical grade material should be dried by heating at 260-270o for 0.5hour and allowed to cool in a desiccator. It has a transition point at 450o, and its solubility in water is 21.58% at 20o (decahydrate in solid phase), 49.25% at 35o (heptahydrate in solid phase) and 44.88% at 75o(monohydrate in solid phase) [D.nges in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 987-988 1963]. After three recrystallisations, technical grade Na2CO3 had Cr, Mg, K, P, Al, W, Sc and Ti at 32, 9.4, 6.6, 3.6, 2.4, 0.6, 0.2 and 0.2 ppm respectively; another technical source had Cr, Mg, Mo, P, Si, Sn and Ti at 2.6, 0.4, 4.2, 13.4, 32, 0.6, 0.8 ppm respectively.