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外観
黄色の結晶性粉末
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溶解性
水に不溶 (＜0.1g/100ml)。水溶液は弱酸である。アセトンに溶ける。
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説明
Dinoseb, also known as dinitrophenol, can adversely affect the
energy generating reaction in a cell. No cell will live very long
under the influence of high concentrations of dinitrophenol. It
makes the body burn enough energy to result in weight loss.
During the 1930s, physicians unwittingly prescribed certain
types of dinitrophenol as diet pills.
Dow Chemical changed the basic structure of dinitrophenol
slightly to produce dinoseb, which was marketed in 1948.
Dinoseb was widely used as a contact herbicide against
broadleaf weeds.
Dinoseb causes toxicity the same way in plants,
animals, and fungi because all cells contain very similar
biochemical pathways for creating energy from the breakdown
of sugars. Furthermore, photosynthesis in plants
relies on an energy transfer system that is also inhibited by
dinitrophenol.
Given the high toxicity, EPA concluded that the doses
causing the birth defects and the endocrine-disrupting effects
were close to worker exposure levels. Thus, under an emergency
order issued in 1986, EPA suspended dinoseb’s registration.
In August 1990, the EPA banned the burying of
dinoseb-contaminated soils in EPA-approved landfills,
making incineration the only EPA-approved disposal method
for dinoseb-contaminated soil. Incineration is expensive and
incomplete, leaving a noncombustible residue as a further
hazardous waste and some combustion products that could
remain toxic. Therefore, an ex situ soil bioremediation process
was developed by the Sabre Processing company. This process
is known as the SABRE process; it uses an anaerobic consortium
and supplemental carbon source at the field scale to
successfully remediate contaminated soils.
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化学的特性
solid
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使用
The amine, ammonium salt or acetate ester is used as a contact herbicide for postemergence weed control in cereals, cotton, peas, beans, potatoes, pumpkins, soybeans and strawberries.
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一般的な説明
Orange-brown viscous liquid or orange-brown solid. Orange crystals when pure. Has a pungent odor. Used as a plant growth regulator; insecticide and herbicide.
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反応プロフィール
4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenol is a powerful oxidizing agent. . 4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenol is dangerously explosive. When not water wet 4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenol is a high explosive. Dry, the material is easily ignited and 4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenol will burn very vigorously. On decomposition, nitro compounds such as this emit toxic fumes. Appear to be stable in acid solution, but are susceptible to decomposition by ultraviolet radiation in alkaline solution. [EPA, 1998].
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健康ハザード
Extremely toxic: Probable oral lethal dose is 5-50 mg/kg; between 7 drops and 1 teaspoonful for 70 kg person (150 lb.).
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火災危険
This is a dinitrophenol herbicide. (Non-Specific -- Dinitrophenol, Flammable Solid). 4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenol is dangerously explosive. When not water wet 4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenol is a high explosive. Dry, the material is easily ignited and 4,6-Dinitro-2-sec-butylphenol will burn very vigorously. On decomposition, nitro compounds such as this emit toxic fumes. Appear to be stable in acid solution, but are susceptible to decomposition by ultraviolet radiation in alkaline solution.
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农业用途
Plant growth regulator, Herbicide: Dinoseb is a phenolic herbicide used in soybeans,
vegetables, fruits and nuts, citrus, and other field crops for
the selective control of grass and broadleaf weeds (e.g.,
in corn). It is also used as an insecticide in grapes, and
as a seed crop drying agent. It is produced in emuslifiable concentrates or as water-soluble ammonium or amine
salts. It is no longer available in the U.S. Formerly widely
used in the UK for the fumigation of potatoes; however,
dinoseb acetate and dinoseb amine were banned from use
in 1988. Dinoseb’s primary use is as a contact herbicide
for post-emergence weed control in cereals, undersown
cereals, seedling lucerne and peas. Dinoseb is also used
as a corn yield enhancer and an insecticide and miticide.
Banned for use in EU countries (includes salts and acetate). A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP). The use
of dinoseb was canceled in the U.S. in 1986 based on the
potential risk of birth defects and other adverse health effects for applicators and other persons having substantial
dinoseb exposure. There are 20 global suppliers.
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製品名
AATOX®; AI3-01122®; ARETIT®;
BASANITE®; BNP 20®; BNP 30®; BUTAPHENE®;
CALDON®; CASWELL No. 392DD®; CHEMOX®[C];
CHEMOX GENERAL®[C]; CHEMOX P. E. ®[C];
CHEMSECT DNBP®; DESICOIL®; DIBUTOX®;
DINITRALL®; DINITRO®; DN 289®; DOW
GENERAL®[C]; DOW GENERAL WEED KILLER®[C];
DOW SELECTIVE WEED KILLER®[C]; DYNAMYTE®[C];
DYTOP®; ELGETOL 318®; FANICIDE®; GEBUTOX®;
HEL-FIRE®[C]; HIVERTOX®; HOE 26150®; IVOSIT®;
KILOSEB®; KNOWX-WEED®; KNOX-WEED®;
LADOB®; LASEB®; LIRO DNBP®; NITROPONE C®;
PERSEVTOX®; PHENOTAN®; PREMERGE®; SINOX
GENERAL®[C]; SPARIC®; SPURGE®; SUBITEX®;
UNICROP DNBP®; VERTAC DINITRO WEED
KILLER®[C]; VERTAC GENERAL WEED KILLER®[C];
VERTAC SELECTIVE WEED KILLER®[C]
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環境運命予測
Biological. When 14C-labeled dinoseb (5 ppm) was incubated in soil at 25°C for 60 days, 36.0% of the applied amount degraded to 14CO2 (Doyle et al., 1978). Thom and Agg (1975) reported that dinoseb is unlikely to be degraded in conventional sewage treatment processes.
Groundwater. According to the U.S. EPA (1986) dinoseb has a high potential to leach to groundwater.
Plant. When dinoseb on bean leaves was exposed to sunlight, photodegradation resulted in the formation of persistent, polar compounds. The compounds could not be identified by TLC (Matsuo and Casida, 1970).
Chemical/Physical. Reacts with organic and inorganic bases forming water-soluble salts (Worthing and Hance, 1991).
Emits toxic fumes of chlorine when heated to decomposition (Sax and Lewis, 1987).
