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種類
ダイアジノンは形状によって、次のような種類に分けることができます。
1. ダイアジノン粒剤
ダイアジノン粒剤は、形状が粒状になっています。ネキリムシ類やコガネムシ類の幼虫など土壌害虫に対する高い効果と幅広い農作物に登録があることが特徴です。
2. ダイアジノン水和剤
ダイアジノン水和剤は、形状が粉状になっています。水和剤なので、水に希釈して使用します。水に希釈すると不透明な液体になり、放置しておくと沈殿ができることが特徴です。
3. ダイアジノン乳剤
ダイアジノン乳剤は、形状が液体になっています。乳剤なので、水に希釈して使用します。水に希釈すると白色の乳濁液になります。
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解説
ダイアジノン，有機リン殺虫剤の一種。スイスのガイギー社が1952年に開発した有機リン酸エステル系殺虫剤の一種。各種の衛生・農業害虫に対し使用。一般名，商品名ともダイアジノンである。ニカメイチュウ，ウンカ，ヨコバイなどのイネ害虫をはじめ広範囲の害虫に対して殺虫力を示し，哺乳類に対する急性毒性は，50％致死量LD50＝250mg/kg(ラット(雄)，経口)とかなり低い。沸点 83～84℃の無色液体。水に難溶，有機溶媒によく溶ける。果樹，蔬菜の各種害虫，はえ，蚊，ごきぶりなどの衛生害虫の防除に用いられる。接触毒，食毒のほかガス毒として作用。茎葉散布，土壌施用剤，水面施用剤，燻煙剤など用途が広い。
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用途
農薬(殺虫剤) (NITE CHRIP)
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効能
殺虫薬 (獣医薬), アセチルコリンエステラーゼ阻害薬
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農薬用途
動物薬、殺虫剤、ダニ駆除剤
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説明
Diazinon is a non-systemic organophosphate insecticide formerly used to control cockroaches, silverfish, ants, and fleas in residential, non-food buildings. Diazinon functions as the inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) into [choline] and an acetate group. The inhibition of the AChE causes an abnormal accumulation of ACh in the synaptic cleft. However, recent studies have shown that diazinon and other kinds of organophosphate can cause neural toxicity through causing oxidative stress in the neural cells.
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化学的特性
Diazinon is available as a colorless or dark brown liquid. It is sparingly soluble in water
but very soluble in petroleum ether, alcohol, and benzene. Diazinon is used for the control
of a variety of agricultural and household pests. These include pests in soil, on ornamental
plants, fruit, vegetable, crops pests, and household pests like fl ies, fl eas, and cockroaches.
Diazinon undergoes decomposition on heating above 120°C and produces toxic fumes, such
as nitrogen oxides, phosphorous oxides, and sulfur oxides. It reacts with strong acids and
alkalis with the possible formation of highly toxic tetra ethyl thiopyrophosphates. Diazinon
is classifi ed as an RUP. Depending on the type of formulation, diazinon is classifi ed as
toxicity class II, meaning moderately toxic, or toxicity class III, meaning slightly toxic.
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使用
Diazinon is used to control a wide range of sucking and chewing
insects and mites in a very wide range of crops and is also used as a
veterinary ectoparasiticide.
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定義
ChEBI: A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.
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作用機構
作用機構はアセチルコリンエステラーゼ活性阻害である。本剤は他の有機リン酸エステル系殺虫剤およびカーバメート系殺虫剤に対して抵抗性を取得したツマグロヨコバイに殺虫力を示し，また有機リン酸エステル系殺虫剤などによって薬害を生じやすいトマト，ウリ類，果樹などに薬害が生じにくいという特徴を有する。
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一般的な説明
Diazinon is available in the form of a colourless or dark brown liquid. It is sparingly soluble in water but very soluble in petroleum ether, alcohol, and benzene. Diazinon is used for the control of a variety of agriculture and household pests. These include pests in soil, on ornamental plants, fruit, vegetable, and crops and household pests like flies, fleas, and cockroaches. Diazinon undergoes decomposition on heating above 120°C and produces toxic fumes such as nitrogen oxides, phosphorus oxides, and sulphur oxides. It reacts with strong acids and alkalis with possible formation of highly toxic tetra ethyl thiopyrophosphates. Diazinon is classified as a RUP. Depending on the type of formulation, diazinon is classified as toxicity class II, meaning moderately toxic, or toxicity class III, meaning slightly toxic.
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空気と水の反応
The neat compound is susceptible to oxidation and should be protected from prolonged exposure to air . Insoluble in water.
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健康ハザード
Humans are exposed to diazinon during manufacture and professional applications. Diazinon
causes poisoning with symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, weakness, feelings of
anxiety, vomiting, pupillary constriction, convulsions, respiratory distress or labored breathing,
unconsciousness, muscle cramp, excessive salivation, respiratory failure, and coma.
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火災危険
Not flammable. POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED WHEN HEATED. Oxides of sulfur and of phosphorus are generated in fires.
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使用用途
ダイアジノンは、害虫の防除を目的に使用されています。使用方法や使用時期のバリエーションが多く、栽培体系や害虫の特徴に合わせて使用できることが特徴です。
特に効果を感じられる害虫は、ケラやネキリムシ類、コガネムシ類の幼虫など土の中に潜んでいる害虫です。
ダイアジノンを土壌に散布し、鍬やトラクターなどで耕うんし土と混ぜます。土壌でガス化するため、直接害虫と接触した部分だけではなく、広範囲に害虫に対しての殺虫力を示します。
また、他の有機リン酸エステル系殺虫剤などによって薬害を生じやすい農作物においても、薬害が発生しにくいです。そのため、イチゴやニンジン、ダイコン、トウモロコシ、トマト、ウリ類など多くの農作物において防虫、殺虫剤として使用されます。
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使用上の注意点
- 1回の栽培において、使用できる回数が決まっています。また、同じダイアジノンが成分の農薬では総使用回数が決まっているので、全体の農薬使用回数にも注意が必要です。
- 散布時は手袋やマスクを着用し、目や鼻、肌に直接かからないよう注意が必要です。
- 解毒剤として硫酸アトロピン製剤およびPAM製剤があります。
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製品名
AG-500®; AI3-19507®; ALFA-TOX®[C];
ANTIGAL®; ANTLAK®; BASUDIN®; BAZUDEN®;
CASWELL No. 342®; DACUTOX®; DASSITOX®;
DAZZEL®; DIAGRAN®; DIANON®; DIATERR-FOS®;
DIAZAJET®; DIAZATOL®; DIAZIDE®; DIAZINON AG
500 WBC®; DIAZINONE®; DIAZITOL®; DIAZOL®;
DICID®; DIMPYLATE®; DIPOFENE®; DIZIKTOL®;
DIZINON®[C]; DRAWIZON®; DYMET®; DYZOL®);
D.Z.N.®; EXODIN®; FEZUDIN®; FLYTROL®; G 301®;
G-24480®; GALESAN®; GARDENTOX®; GEIGY
24480®; KAYAZINON®; KAYAZOL®; NEOCIDOL®
(OIL); NEOCIDOL®; NIPSAN®; NUCIDOL®;
OLEODIAZINON®; ROOT GUARD; SAROLEX®[C];
SPECTRACIDE®; SROLEX®; SUZON®
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安全性プロファイル
Poison by ingestion,
skin contact, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by
inhalation. Human systemic effects by
ingestion: changes in motor activity, muscle
weakness, and sweating. Experimental
teratogenic and reproductive effects. A skin
and severe eye irritant. Human mutation
data reported. When heated to
decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of
NOx, POx, and SOx.
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職業ばく露
roducers, formulators and applicators
of this nonsystemic pesticide and acaricide. Diazinon is
used in the United States on a wide variety of agricultural
crops, ornamentals, domestic animals; lawns and gardens;
and household pests.
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発がん性
Among 23,106 male applicators
participating in the Agricultural Health Study who
reported using diazinon, there was an increased risk with
exposure to diazinon for lung cancer, leukemia, and all
cancer sites combined, although the small number of cases
observed makes these estimates unreliable .
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特徴
長所
- 幅広い農作物に、多くの使用方法で使用することができます。
- 散布後時間をあけずに定植や植え付けができる農作物もあるので、作業がスムーズになります。
- 土壌と混和するタイプでは、浸透移行性がなく農作物が根から農薬成分を吸収することはないので、安心して農作物を食べることができます。
短所
- 薬剤や散布機などのコストがかかります。コストに見合う成果がでるか検討して選ぶことが大切です。
- 形状や成分量の違いで異なる商品があります。商品によって登録作物や使用方法が異なるため、それぞれの違いを理解しておくことが大切です。
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代謝経路
The main route of diazinon metabolism in soil, plants and animals is
through cleavage of the P-O-pyrimidine group to yield 2-isopropyl-4-
methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine. As with most other phosphorothioates,
loss of the pyrimidinyl function in mammalian metabolism probably
occurs either through oxidative desulfuration of the thiono group, catalysed
by microsomal mixed function oxidases, to give diazoxon followed
by hydrolysis catalysed by an A-esterase, or via an oxidative mechanism
catalysed by a mixed function oxidase acting directly on diazinon. In the
first case the second product is diethyl phosphate and in the second,
diethyl phosphorothioate (Yang et al., 1971). Further metabolism then
leads to hydroxylation of the methyl and isopropyl groups on the pyrimidine
ring. This oxidative metabolism may the act on the pyrimidinol,
diazoxon or diazinon itself, the last of which seems to be important in
mammalian and avian liver and gives rise to metabolites which still have
anticholinesterase or latent anticholinesterase activity.
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代謝
The main biodegradation pathway in mammals, plants,
and soils is pyrimidinyl ester bond cleavage; the principal
metabolites are diethyl phosphorothioate and diethyl
phosphate. Degradation in the environment involves
oxidation to diazoxon and hydrolysis.
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輸送方法
UN2783 Organophosphorus pesticides, solid,
toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
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不和合性
Reaction with nitrosating agents (e.g.,
nitrites, nitrous gases, nitrous acid) capable of releasing carci-
nogenic nitrosamines. Hydrolyzes slowly in water and dilute
acid. Reacts with strong acids and alkalis with possible forma-
tion of highly toxic tetraethyl thiopyrophosphates.
Incompatible with copper-containing compounds. Contact
with oxidizers may cause the release of phosphorous oxides.
Contact with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides; may
cause the formation of flammable and toxic phosphine gas.
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廃棄物の処理
Diazinon is hydrolyzed in
acid media about 12 times as rapidly as parathion, and
at about the same rate as parathion in alkaline media. In
excess water this compound yields diethylthiophosphoric
acid and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine. With
insufficient water, highly toxic tetraethyl monothiopyropho-
sphate is formed. Therefore, incineration would be a prefer-
able ultimate disposal method with caustic scrubbing of
the incinerator effluent
. In accordance with 40CFR165,
follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and
pesticide containers. Must be disposed properly by follow-
ing package label directions or by contacting your local or
federal environmental control agency, or by contacting
your regional EPA office.
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予防処置
Workers should avoid eye contact with diazinon, wear chemical safety glasses or goggles,
protective clothing or equipment, wear waterproof boots, long-sleeved shirts, long pants,
and a hat. Workers should avoid contamination of food and feed, wash thoroughly after
handling and before eating or smoking. In fact, occupational workers should avoid eating,
drinking, or smoking in areas of work with the chemical.
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参考文献
Uner, N, et al. "Effects of diazinon on acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in the brain of Oreochromis niloticus." Environmental Toxicology & Pharmacology 21.3(2006):241.
Shishido, Takashi, K. Usui, and J. I. Fukami. "Oxidative metabolism of diazinon by microsomes from rat liver and cockroach fat body." Pesticide Biochemistry & Physiology 2.1(1972):27-38.
Giordano, G, et al. "Organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos and diazinon and oxidative stress in neuronal cells in a genetic model of glutathione deficiency." Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 219.2-3(2007):181.
