シクロスポリン

外観

白色～わずかにうすい褐色、結晶性粉末～粉末、又は塊

溶解性

エタノール(95)に極めて溶けやすく、アセトンに溶けやすく、水にほとんど溶けない。

解説

かび由来の環状ペプチドで，免疫抑制作用がある．
森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）

用途

シクロスポリン（Ciclosporin（INN?BAN（英語版））またはサイクロスポリン（Cyclosporine（USAN）、Cyclosporin（旧BAN））とは、真菌が産生する環状ポリペプチド抗生物質の一つである。D-アミノ酸を1つ含む11のアミノ酸からなる。 Tリンパ球によるインターロイキン-2,4,5,13やインターフェロン-γなどのサイトカイン転写を特異的かつ可逆的に抑制し、ひいてはサイトカイン産生と遊離を抑制する。これはカルシニューリンによる細胞内情報伝達阻害による。臓器移植による拒絶反応の抑制や自己免疫疾患の治療に使用される。

用途

11 個のアミノ酸から成る環 状ポリペプチドです、免疫反応を促すヘル パー T 細胞からのインターロイキン 2 の分泌 を阻害して免疫抑制作用を示します。

効能

免疫抑制薬, カルシニューリン阻害薬

商品名

サンディミュン (ノバルティスファーマ); サンディミュン (ノバルティスファーマ); ネオーラル (ノバルティスファーマ); パピロック (参天製薬)

説明

Cyclosporine A is a powerful immunosuppressive drug intended for preventing rejection of kidney, heart, and lung transplants. A new era in the development of immunopharmacology began with the discovery of cyclosporines. Cyclosporines are produced by mycelial mushrooms Tolypocladium inflatum, Tricoderma polysporum, and Cylindrocarpon lucidum, which are found in the ground.
Cyclosporine A is the first drug to affect a specific line of protecting cells of the body. Unlike usual cytotoxics, it suppresses T-cells and acts on all cell lines simultaneously. Cyclosporine A significantly eases the ‘reception’ of transplants, and increases the possibility of treating autoimmune system diseases.

化学的特性

White or almost white powder

使用

Cyclosporin A is a hydrophobic cyclic peptide isolated from several fungal species including Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Trichoderma and Tolypocladium. Cyclosporin A inhibits T-cell activation and has been marketed since 1983 as an immunosuppressant in post-allogeneic organ transplant. Cyclosporin A acts by binding to the protein, cyclophilin (immunophilin), in T-lymphocytes causing inhibition of calcineurin (protein phosphatase 2B). Cyclosporin A reduces transcription of interleukin 2, and inhibits lymphokine production, interleukin release and NO synthesis induced by interleukin 1α, lipopolysaccharides and TNFα.

定義

ChEBI: A cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibiti n of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle.

適応症

一般的な説明

White prismatic needles (from acetone) or white powder.

空気と水の反応

Slightly water soluble .

反応プロフィール

Cyclosporin A is an amide. Amides/imides react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed by the reaction of organic amides/imides with strong reducing agents. Amides are very weak bases (weaker than water). Imides are less basic yet and in fact react with strong bases to form salts. That is, they can react as acids. Mixing amides with dehydrating agents such as P2O5 or SOCl2 generates the corresponding nitrile. The combustion of these compounds generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx).

健康ハザード

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to Cyclosporin A include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, convulsions, renal dysfunction, tremor, hirsutism, hypertension, gum hyperplasia, cramps, acne, headache, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, paresthesia, flushing, leukopenia, lymphoma, sinusitis and gynecomastia. In 2% or less of persons exposed, it has caused allergic reactions, anemia, anorexia, confusion, conjunctivitis, edema, fever, brittle fingernails, gastritis, hearing loss, hiccups, hyperglycemia, muscle pain, peptic ulcer, thrombocytopenia and tinnitus. Rare reactions include anxiety, chest pain, constipation, depression, hair breaking hematuria, joint pain, lethargy, mouth sores, myocardial infarction, night sweats, pancreatitis, pruritus, swallowing difficulty, tingling, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, visual disturbance, weakness and weight loss. It has caused kidney and liver damage. An increased susceptibility to infection may occur. Other symptoms include gastrointestinal disturbance, rashes and angioedema.

火災危険

Flash point data for Cyclosporin A are not available; however, Cyclosporin A is probably combustible.

薬理学

Cyclosporine has no direct effect on keratinocytes and is not a mitotic inhibitor. Cyclosporine inhibits cytokine release, which results in a decreased recruitment of APCs into the epidermis and decreases immunoreactivity of lesions. Potential long-term side effects preclude cyclosporine’s use in all but very severe and recalcitrant psoriasis. Cyclosporine can be combined with lowdose methotrexate.

副作用

Cyclosporine’s main side effects, even at low doses, are hypertension and nephrotoxicity. Age, baseline blood pressure, and baseline creatinine levels are predictors of higher risks of side effects. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a more sensitive test than creatinine for evaluating renal function, and a baseline is recommended in any high-risk patient. Longterm treatment with CSA may induce interstitial fibrosis and glomerular sclerosis, with more pronounced changes directly associated with duration of therapy. It should be administered only by dermatologists experienced in its use.

安全性プロファイル

Confirmed carcinogen producing Hodghn's dlsease. Experimental reproductive effects. Poison by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects by ingestion: increased body temperature, cyanosis. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

職業ばく露

Cyclosporin A is a fungal metabolite; an amide immunosuppressant drug used in various surgeries.

発がん性

Cyclosporin A is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

輸送方法

UN3249 Medicine, solid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.

不和合性

Amides/imides react with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed by the reaction of organic amides/imides with strong reducing agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Amides are very weak bases (weaker than water). Imides are less basic yet and in fact react with strong bases to form salts. That is, they can react as acids. Mixing amides with dehydrating agents such as such as phosphorus pent- oxide or thionyl chloride generates the corresponding nitrile. The combustion of these compounds generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx).

廃棄物の処理

t is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste drugs and pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consider- ation applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possi- ble return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged, and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.