塩化ナトリウム

外観

無色澄明の液体

定義

本品は、ナトリウムの塩化物であり、次の化学式で表される。

溶解性

水に溶けやすく、エタノールに溶けにくい。

解説

塩化ナトリウム，食塩とも。純粋なものは化学的には塩化ナトリウムであるが，通常マグネシウム塩，カルシウム塩などを少量含む。岩塩，天然鹹水(かんすい)，海水として地球上に広くかつ多量に存在し，外国では主として岩塩により，日本では古くから塩田による海水からの製塩が発達したが，現在はほとんどイオン交換膜法に切り換えられた。塩化マグネシウムを含むものは潮解性。血液の浸透圧を一定に保ち，動物の生理作用に重要。

用途

塩濃度・浸透圧調整用。TNE、SSCの塩溶液用。

用途

汎用試薬。

用途

低濃度銀標準液の濃度標定。

用途

汎用試薬、調製液製造原料、寒剤、塩析剤、光学材料。

応用

１日の最小必要量は10g程度といわれ，過剰摂取が高血圧症と関係のあることは明らかで要注意。食用，調味料製造，食品保存，ソーダ工業用原料，窯業用などきわめて用途も広く，需要量も大きい。

化粧品の成分用途

保湿.湿潤剤、口腔ケア剤、皮膚コンディショニング剤、親水性増粘剤、香味剤、研磨.スクラブ剤

効能

等張化剤, 補正用電解質液, 食塩補充薬

商品名

エポプロステノール (アクテリオンファーマシューティカルズジャパン); 塩化Na (大塚製薬工場); 塩化Na (大塚製薬工場); 塩化ナトリウム (光製薬); 塩化ナトリウム (大塚製薬工場); 塩化ナトリウム (小堺製薬); 塩化ナトリウム (山善製薬); 塩化ナトリウム (恵美須薬品化工); 塩化ナトリウム (扶桑薬品工業); 塩化ナトリウム (扶桑薬品工業); 塩化ナトリウム (日医工); 塩化ナトリウム (日医工); 塩化ナトリウム (日新製薬－山形); 塩化ナトリウム (日新製薬－山形); 塩化ナトリウム (日本家庭用塩); 塩化ナトリウム (東海製薬); 大塚食塩 (大塚製薬工場); 食塩注 (共和クリティケア)

説明

Sodium chloride is widely distributed in nature. Oceans are the vast source of sodium chloride. It occurs in seawater at an average concentration of 2.68 wt%. It also occurs in many inland saline waters and in salt deposits in sedimentary rocks, as the mineral halite.
Sodium chloride is probably the most important salt of both sodium and chlorine. Sodium chloride, common table salt, is an essential component of most food preparation, imparting flavor to food and providing the sodium nutritional requirement. Also, it is used for preserving food. Therapeutically, NaCl solution is used to combat dehydration as an electrolyte replenisher, and it is an emetic.
The most important applications of sodium chloride in the chemical industry are in making a number of important industrial chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and metallic sodium. It is the starting material in manufacturing these substances. Other uses are in dyeing and printing fabrics, glazing pottery, in making soap, and for curing hides. Sodium chloride is a component of many freezing mixtures.

化学的特性

Sodium chloride, NaCl, also known as common salt and halite, is a white crystalline solid.It is soluble in water,slightly soluble in alcohol, and melts at 804 °C (1480 °F). Sodium chloride is the most important sodium mineral and occurs naturally in seawater, underground deposits, and brine wells.Sodiumchlorideis a basic raw material for the production of chlorine,sodium hypochlorite, sodium bisulfate,soda ash, and hydrogen chloride. Sodium chloride is also used in food preparation, fertilizers, and by highway departments to control icy road conditions.

物理的性質

Sodium chloride is the familiar compound commonly referred to as salt or table salt. Th e mineral form of sodium chloride is halite and is found in natural deposits throughout the world. It accounts for approximately 2.7% by weight of the dissolved minerals in seawater. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound existing as a white crystalline cubic structure of alternating sodium and chloride ions. Sodium chloride is essential for life, with the average adult requiring about 1 to 2 grams per day. Salt supplies sodium and provides numerous essential functions such as maintaining water balance in cells, taking part in nerve signal transmission and muscle contraction.

天然物の起源

Sodium chloride is widely distributed in nature. Oceans are the vast source of sodium chloride. It occurs in seawater at an average concentration of 2.68 wt%. It also occurs in many inland saline waters and in salt deposits in sedimentary rocks, as the mineral halite.
Sodium chloride is probably the most important salt of both sodium and chlorine. Sodium chloride, common table salt, is an essential component of most food preparation, imparting flavor to food and providing the sodium nutritional requirement. Also, it is used for preserving food. Therapeutically, NaCl solution is used to combat dehydration as an electrolyte replenisher, and it is an emetic.
The most important applications of sodium chloride in the chemical industry are in making a number of important industrial chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and metallic sodium. It is the starting material in manufacturing these substances. Other uses are in dyeing and printing fabrics, glazing pottery, in making soap, and for curing hides. Sodium chloride is a component of many freezing mixtures.

使用

sodium chloride (table salt) is used as a preservative, astringent, and anti-septic to treat inflamed lesions. It can also be used to mask odor, reduce product density, and control viscosity. Diluted solutions are not considered irritating.

定義

ChEBI: An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion.

調製方法

Sodium chloride occurs naturally as the mineral halite. Commercially, it is obtained by the solar evaporation of sea water, by mining, or by the evaporation of brine from underground salt deposits.

製造方法

Sodium chloride is produced by solar evaporation of seawater or brine from underground salt deposits. It also is produced by mining rock salt. The commercial product contains small amounts of calcium and magnesium chlorides.

一般的な説明

A white crystalline solid. Commercial grade usually contains some chlorides of calcium and magnesium which absorb moisture and cause caking.

空気と水の反応

Water soluble.

反応プロフィール

Sodium chloride is generally unreactive. Releases gaseous hydrogen chloride if mixed with a concentrated nonvolatile acid such as sulfuric acid.

火災危険

Literature sources indicate that Sodium chloride is nonflammable.

农业用途

Halite is a naturally occurring sodium chloride (NaCl) deposit. The most abundant potash mineral deposit is sylvite (KCl). Sylvite with halite forms the common potash ore, called sylvinite.

応用例（製薬）

Sodium chloride is widely used in a variety of parenteral and nonparenteral pharmaceutical formulations, where the primary use is to produce isotonic solutions.
Sodium chloride has been used as a lubricant and diluent in capsules and direct-compression tablet formulations in the past, although this practice is no longer common. Sodium chloride has also been used as a channeling agent and as an osmotic agent in the cores of controlled-release tablets. It has been used as a porosity modifier in tablet coatings, and to control drug release from microcapsules.
The addition of sodium chloride to aqueous spray-coating solutions containing hydroxypropyl cellulose or hypromellose suppresses the agglomeration of crystalline cellulose particles.(13) Sodium chloride can also be used to modify drug release from gels and from emulsions. It can be used to control micelle size, and to adjust the viscosity of polymer dispersions by altering the ionic character of a formulation.

安全性プロファイル

Poison by intraperitoneal and intracervical routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. An experimental teratogen. Human systemic effects by ingestion: blood pressure increase. Human reproductive effects by intraplacental route: terminates pregnancy. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. A skin and eye irritant. When bulk sodium chloride is heated to high temperature, a vapor is emitted that is irritating, particularly to the eyes. Ingestion of large amounts of sodium chloride can cause irritation of the stomach. Improper use of salt tablets may produce this effect. Potentially explosive reaction with dichloromaleic anhydride + urea. Electrolysis of mixtures with nitrogen compounds may form the explosive nitrogen trichloride. Reaction with burning lithmm forms the dangerously reactive sodmm. The molten salt at 11 00' reacts explosively with water. Violent reaction with BrF3. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cland Na2O.

安全性

Sodium chloride is the most important salt in the body for maintaining the osmotic tension of blood and tissues. About 5–12 g of sodium chloride is consumed daily, in the normal adult diet, and a corresponding amount is excreted in the urine. As an excipient, sodium chloride may be regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material. However, toxic effects following the oral ingestion of 0.5–1.0 g/kg body-weight in adults may occur. The oral ingestion of larger quantities of sodium chloride, e.g. 1000 g in 600mL of water, is harmful and can induce irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, hypernatremia, respiratory distress, convulsions, or death.
In rats, the minimum lethal intravenous dose is 2.5 g/kg bodyweight.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 6.61 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): 0.65 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): 4.0 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, SC): 3.0 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 3.0 g/kg

貯蔵

Aqueous sodium chloride solutions are stable but may cause the separation of glass particles from certain types of glass containers. Aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving or filtration. The solid material is stable and should be stored in a well-closed container, in a cool, dry place.
It has been shown that the compaction characteristics and the mechanical properties of tablets are influenced by the relative humidity of the storage conditions under which sodium chloride was kept.

純化方法

It is recrystallised from a saturated aqueous solution (2.7mL/g) by passing in HCl gas, or by adding EtOH or acetone. It can be freed from bromide and iodide impurities by adding chlorine water to an aqueous solution and boiling it for some time to expel free bromine and iodine. Traces of iron can be removed by prolonged boiling of solid NaCl in 6M HCl; the crystals are then washed with EtOH and dried at ca 100o. Sodium chloride has been purified by sublimation in a stream of pre-purified N2 and collected by electrostatic discharge [Ross & Winkler J Am Chem Soc 76 2637 1954]. For use as a primary analytical standard, analytical reagent grade NaCl should be finely ground, dried in an electric furnace at 500-600o in a platinum crucible, and allowed to cool in a desiccator. For most purposes, however, drying at 110-120o is satisfactory.

不和合性

Aqueous sodium chloride solutions are corrosive to iron. They also react to form precipitates with silver, lead, and mercury salts. Strong oxidizing agents liberate chlorine from acidified solutions of sodium chloride. The solubility of the antimicrobial preservative methylparaben is decreased in aqueous sodium chloride solutions and the viscosity of carbomer gels and solutions of hydroxyethyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose is reduced by the addition of sodium chloride.

規制状況(Regulatory Status)

GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (injections; inhalations; nasal, ophthalmic, oral, otic, rectal, and topical preparations). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.