エバーメクチン

外観

白色〜ほとんど白色, 結晶性粉末

溶解性

水7-10ug/L(20℃)トルエン350,アセトン100,イソプロパノール70,クロロホルム25,エタノール20,メタノール19.5,n-ブタノール10,シクロヘキサン6(g/l 21℃)アセトンにやや溶けやすく、水にほとんど溶けない。

解説

エバーメクチンは，放線菌から放出される化学物質で、感染症を媒介する線虫など寄生虫の活動を抑制するように作用するマクロライド系抗生物質。アベルメクチンともいう。糸状虫など線虫の神経に作用し、麻痺させたり発育を防止したりするはたらきももつ。大村智(おおむらさとし)により1979年（昭和54）に静岡県のゴルフ場の土壌の中から発見され、その後、アメリカの製薬会社によって「イベルメクチン」として製品化され、家畜やイヌなどの寄生虫駆除薬として用いられた。その後ヒトにも効果があることが確認され、オンコセルカ症やリンパ系フィラリア症（象皮病）など、寄生虫による感染症の特効薬として世界的に使われるようになった。一般には疥癬(かいせん)の特効薬としても知られる。大村はこの功績により2015年（平成27）にノーベル医学生理学賞を受賞した。［編集部　2016年5月19日］[参照項目] | イベルメクチン | 大村智 | オンコセルカ症 | 疥癬 | 放線菌 | マクロライド系抗生物質

小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ) ）

農薬用途

動物薬、殺虫剤

使用上の注意

アルゴン封入

化学的特性

Abamectin is a colorless to yellowish crystalline powder. It is soluble in acetone, methanol, toluene, chloroform, and ethanol, but insoluble in water. It is stable, and incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Abamectin is a mixture of Abamectins containing about 80% Abamectin B1a and 20% Abamectin B1b. These two components, B1a and B1b, have very similar biological and toxicological properties. The Abamectins are insecticidal/miticidal compounds derived from the soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. Abamectin is used to control insect and mite pests of citrus, pear, and nut tree crops, and is used by homeown- ers to control fi re ants. It acts on the nervous system of insects, causing paralyzing effects. Abamectin is a general use pesticide (GUP). It is grouped as toxicity class IV, meaning practically non-toxic, requiring no precautionary statement on its label

使用

Mixture of Abamectins, containing at least 80% of Abamectin B1a (C48H72O14) and not more than 20% of Abamectin B1b (C47H70O14). Used as acaricide, insecticide

定義

Any of a group of broad spectrum antiparasitic antibiotics produced by the actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis.

一般的な説明

Odorless off-white to yellow crystals from methanol. Does not hydrolyze in water at pH 3, 5, 7. Used as an acaricide and insecticide.

反応プロフィール

A lactone.

危険性

A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin contact.

健康ハザード

Abamectin is an insecticide and miticide. It is very toxic and causes adverse health effects if swallowed and/or inhaled. Emulsifi able concentrate formulations of Abamectin cause slight to moderate eye irritation and mild skin irritation. The symptoms of poisoning observed in laboratory animals include pupil dilation, vomiting, convulsions and/or trem- ors, and coma. Abamectin acts on insects by interfering with the nervous system. At very high doses, laboratory mammals develop symptoms of nervous system depression, inco- ordination, tremors, lethargy, excitation, and pupil dilation. Very high doses have caused death from respiratory failure in animals. Additionally, Abamectin has been reported to cause reproductive effects. Abamectin blocks the nerval conduct system in insects, caus- ing paralysis and death. Laboratory studies have indicated that abamectin may affect the nervous system in experimental animals. A 1-year study with dogs given oral doses of abamectin (0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day) caused adverse health effects, such as pupil dilation, weight loss, lethargy, tremors, and recumbency.

农业用途

Acaricide, Miticide, Insecticide, Anthelmentic: Used on fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops; pears, citrus fruits, and nut crops; to control mite and insect pests, and also to control household and lawn insects, including fire ants. Approved by the EPA for use in ash trees for control of emerald ash borer. A U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP).

製品名

ABACIDE®; AFFIRM®; AVID®, AVID-EC®; AVOMEC®; DYNAMEC®; INJECT-A- CIDE AV®; MK 936®(B 1A ); BOVITIN®; DORATECT®; DUOMECTIN®; DUOTIN®; ENDECTO®; ENZEC®; L 676,863® (B 1A ); MK 0936®; MK 936®; PARAFOIL®; VERTIMEC®, VERTIMIL®; VIVID®; ZECTIN®; ZEPHEYR®; ZEPHYR®

代謝経路

Abamectin contains the closely related avermectin B_1a and B_1b as the active ingredients. Avermectin B_1a contains a sec-butyl moiety whereas avermectin B_1b contains an isopropyl moiety. Chemical degradation and metabolism studies were conducted with avermectin B_1a radiolabelled with ³H or ¹⁴C at various positions of this large molecule. The overall fates of avermectin B_1a and B_1b are similar since transformations at the butyl or propyl moiety were not observed.
Avermectin B_1a is stable to hydrolytic degradation, but it is readily degraded to numerous products in aqueous solutions, soil, glass and plant foliage/fruit surfaces after light irradiation. Isomerisation and O-demethylation appear to the primary degradation reactions. In addition, hydroxylation is a major metabolic reaction in animals. Significant amounts of the residues in plants and animals were characterised as unidentified polar components.

予防処置

During use of Abamectin, occupational workers should use safety glasses, gloves, and protective clothing to prevent prolonged skin contact, and work in good ventilation.