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外観
ほとんど白色～わずかにうすい黄色, 顆粒
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溶解性
水に不溶。 ＜0.01 g/100 mL at 21℃。ベンゼン及びトルエンにやや溶けやすく、エタノール及びアセトンにやや溶けにくく、水にほとんど溶けない。
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解説
抗酒薬。微黄白色の柱状結晶，無味無臭。化学名はテトラエチル・チウラム・ジスルフィド。単独に服用してもなんら徴候を呈しないが，服用後アルコール飲料をとると非常に不快な症状が現れる。これはアンタブスが体内でアルデヒド酸化酵素を抑制するので，摂取したアルコールがアルデヒドの段階で蓄積されるためである。慢性アルコール中毒の治療に用いるが，服用には医師の管理が必要。→関連項目酒
株式会社平凡社 百科事典マイペディアについて 情報
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用途
有機ゴム薬品(加硫促進剤,硫黄供与型加硫剤)
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用途
銅の定量試薬(生体を対象として）。
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効能
抗酒癖薬, アルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ阻害薬
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商品名
ノックビン (田辺三菱製薬)
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説明
Disulfiram was first synthesized in the 1800s to improve the
manufacturing process of rubber. A physician working in
a rubber factory plant first observed in 1937 that factory
workers who were exposed to disulfiram were intolerant to
ethanol. In the 1940s, two scientists rediscovered the disulfiram–
ethanol effects while researching antiparasitic therapies.
This finding eventually led to the approval of the medication to
be used as an ethanol deterrent by the Food and Drug
Administration in 1951.
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化学的特性
yellow-white crystals or grey powder
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使用
Disulfiram is a copper and zinc chelator and an irreversible inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase (IC50 = 0.1 mM) that has been indicated for the treatment of alcohol dependence. It also inhibits the copper-dependent enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, which prevents the breakdown of dopamine and has been considered as a treatment for cocaine dependence. When in complex with copper, disulfiram has been shown to inhibit purified 20S proteasome (IC50 = 7.5 μM) and 26S proteasome (IC50 = 20 μM) from MDA-MB-0231 breast cancer cells. Because disulfiram targets the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, it has been investigated as an anti-cancer agent. Furthermore, at 250 nM it has been shown to induce reactive oxygen species, to activate JNK and p38 pathways, and to inhibit NF-κB activity, which suppresses self-renewal in cancer stem cells.
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定義
ChEBI: An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid. A multi-enzyme inhibitor that is used in alcohol aversion therapy and also exhibits anticancer properties.
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一般的な説明
Odorless or almost odorless white or almost white to tan powder. Unpleasant taste with metallic or garlic aftertaste. pH of a solution obtained by shaking 1 g with 30 mL of water is 6 to 8.
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空気と水の反応
Insoluble in water.
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反応プロフィール
Disulfiram is sensitive to light. Disulfiram is incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizers and nitrosating agents (e.g. N-Nitrosodiphenylamine). .
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危険性
Toxic symptoms when ingested with alcohol;
animal teratogen. Vasodilation and nausea.
Questionable carcinogen.
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健康ハザード
Disulfiram affects the central
nervous system, thyroid, and skin; in combination
with alcohol it causes an “Antabusealcohol”
syndrome.
Small doses of disulfiram reportedly can
cause effects on thyroid iodine uptake and
thyroid gland hypertrophy. It may also
produce dermatitis and acneform rashes.
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火災危険
Flash point data for Disulfiram are not available; however, Disulfiram is probably combustible.
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生物活性
Inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase that displays antialcoholism activity. Shown to reversibly stimulated Ca 2+ -ATPase activity and inhibit V-ATPase (EC 50 = 26 μ M). Also inhibits expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and displays anti-invasive activity.
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接触アレルゲン
TETD is a rubber accelerator of the thiuram group, contained in “thiuram mix.” It can cross-react with other thiurams, especially TMTD. TETD is used to aid those trying to break their dependence on alcohol. The disulfiram-alcohol reaction is not allergic but due to the accumulation of toxic levels of acetaldehyde. The implanted drug can, however, lead to local or generalized dermatitis, for example ingested disulfiram, mainly in previously rubber-sensitized patients. As an adjunctive treatment of alcoholism, it caused occupational contact dermatitis in a nurse.
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安全性プロファイル
A human poison by
ingestion. An experimental poison by
intraperitoneal route. Toxic symptoms when
accompanied by ingestion of alcohol.
Human systemic effects by ingestion:
jaundtce, joint changes. An experimental
teratogen. Other experimental reproductive
effects. Questionable carcinogen with
experimental neoplastigenic data. See also
THIRAM.
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発がん性
In a lifetime carcinogenicity bioassay,
disulfiram was not carcinogenic in either rats
or mice when fed in the diet. The highest
doses were 600 ppm in rats and 2000ppm in
mice.
Increased fetal resorptions, but no teratogenic
effects, were seen in rats exposed at
100mg/kg/day from day 3 of gestation. A weak
genotoxic response was observed in mice
treated in vivo as evidenced by an increase in
sister chromatid exchanges in bone marrow
and spermatogonial cells.9
The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit valuetime-
weighted average (TLV-TWA) is
2mg/m3.
